United Kingdom · Property and facilities · Senior (5-8 years)

Senior Global Workplace Strategy Director

Here is the whole job, in plain words. What it is, what you decide, how you're judged, how people get here and where they go next. Then the part no course gives you: twelve AI tutors who learn your work.

Start my plan, free

Free to start: a plan built for this role, and a Future Fluency module to try first. No card.

Keep this job description

Where should we send it?

One email: what AI is changing in this job, and where to start free. With a link back here. Nothing else follows unless you confirm your address.

Upskilling a team in this role? Talk to us

  • Experience bandSenior (5-8 years)
  • Direct reportsNo direct reports
  • Reports toManager, Global Workplace Strategy
  • UK framework levelUsually a manager, or the deepest specialist in a team

Also advertised as Senior Workplace Strategist · Lead Workplace Consultant · Workplace Experience Lead

Built on 43,079 real UK job descriptions we analysed · grounded in qualifications employers recognise

1From this job to a course

The qualifications matched to this job

IWFM Level 5 Certificate in Facilities Management Institute of Workplace and Facilities Management · Level 5 · covers 3 of 7 standards
IWFM Level 5 Award in Facilities Management Institute of Workplace and Facilities Management · Level 5 · covers 3 of 7 standards
IWFM Level 5 Diploma in Facilities Management Institute of Workplace and Facilities Management · Level 5 · covers 2 of 7 standards
CIH Level 5 Diploma in Housing Chartered Institute of Housing · Level 5 · covers 1 of 7 standards
IWFM Extended Level 6 Diploma in Facilities Management Institute of Workplace and Facilities Management · Level 6 · covers 1 of 7 standards
IWFM Level 6 Certificate in Facilities Management Institute of Workplace and Facilities Management · Level 6 · covers 1 of 7 standards

Matched from the standards this job is measured against: a suggestion, not an official ruling.

The units you would start with

Space management for facilities managers IWFM Level 5 Certificate in Facilities Management
Strategic and business planning for housing organisations CIH Level 5 Diploma in Housing
Strategic facilities management support services operations IWFM Extended Level 6 Diploma in Facilities Management

The future skills this job leans on

AI Fluency working with AI as a thinking partner
Data Fluency turning numbers into a decision
AI Governance Fluency using AI responsibly
Frontier Fluency the next wave, beyond mainstream AI
Foresight Fluency seeing round the corner
Your Plan Illustration

Built for Senior Global Workplace Strategy Director

3 units that map to this job, from the qualifications that cover it.

  1. Space management for facilities managers Institute of Workplace and Facilities Management · covers 3 of 7 standards Level 5
  2. Strategic and business planning for housing organisations Chartered Institute of Housing · covers 1 of 7 standards Level 5
  3. Strategic facilities management support services operations Institute of Workplace and Facilities Management · covers 1 of 7 standards Level 6
These are the real units behind this job, in the order they rank for it. Nothing here is marked done, because this plan has not been started by anyone yet. Yours would fill in as you go.

2AI and this work

Will AI change your work as a Senior Global Workplace Strategy Director?

Nobody can say exactly how. Here is what this job is being asked for next, and where to start.

The new skills this role is being asked for

  • Advanced Predictive Analytics for Occupancy
  • Neuro-Inclusive Design Principles
Why each one is rising

The future skills this job leans on

We'll only ever tell you what we can actually back up. No hype, no scare tactics.

What happens when you start

Next, a free account. We build your Senior Global Workplace Strategy Director plan as you set up, starting with a Future Fluency module on using AI in your job. No card.

Your first Future Fluency module is free. After that, your AI tutor is £70 a month.

3What this role really is

A workplace strategy director shapes how organisations use physical and digital space to support work. It involves translating business goals into workplace decisions, backed by data and stakeholder buy-in.

4What you'd actually use

The tools this job runs on, and how well you'd need to know each one.

Serraview, iOFFICE, Archibus, Trimble ManhattanONE (IWMS/Space Management) Advanced

You'll configure new reports, manage complex scenario planning ('what-if' analysis) for space allocation, and train others on how to get the most out of the platform. You're not just a user; you're a power user and educator.

You'll design and build complex, interactive dashboards from scratch, connecting to various data sources. You'll use advanced calculations (like LOD expressions in Tableau or DAX in Power BI) to uncover deep insights and tell a compelling story with the data.

Anaplan, Excel (Power Query, VBA, Scenario Manager) (Financial Modeling) Advanced

You'll build complex financial models from the ground up to assess critical decisions like lease vs. buy, calculate project Net Present Value (NPV), and model portfolio-level impacts. You'll use Power Query to clean data and Scenario Manager to test different outcomes.

You'll lead complex design thinking and space planning workshops in Miro, guiding teams through collaborative ideation. You'll also manage the digital review process for architectural plans in Bluebeam, ensuring all feedback is captured and actioned.

Density, VergeSense, Pointgrab (Utilisation Sensing) Advanced

You'll analyse historical sensor data to identify long-term trends, validate our space planning assumptions, and build robust business cases for proposed changes. You're the one who makes sense of all that raw data.

Workday HCM, SAP SuccessFactors (HRIS Integration) Intermediate

You'll work closely with HRIS teams to understand their data structures and ensure accurate headcount data flows correctly into our IWMS. This is crucial for precise occupancy planning and forecasting.

5What you get to decide, and how that grows

Power in a job isn't your title. It's what you're allowed to decide. Here's how it grows as you move up.

The choiceComing in Where you are nowThe step above
Project Methodology & Approach Follows established methodology; seeks approval for any deviation. Chooses appropriate methodology for routine projects; consults on novel approaches. Designs and adapts methodologies for complex, multi-site projects; consults on strategic implications.
Budget Allocation (Project Specific) No independent authority; all spend requires manager approval. Approves minor expenses up to £5K; seeks approval for larger items. Recommends budget spend up to £25K for project-specific items; consults Manager on anything larger.
Vendor Selection (Project Specific) Provides input on vendor capabilities; manager makes final decision. Shortlists vendors based on criteria; manager approves final selection. Manages RFP process and recommends preferred vendors for project-specific needs (up to £50K contract value); manager approves.
Strategic Recommendations Contributes data and analysis to support recommendations drafted by senior team. Drafts recommendations for smaller projects; seeks manager review and approval. Develops and presents strategic recommendations to senior leadership; seeks manager alignment before presentation.
Mentorship & Guidance Receives mentorship; provides informal peer support. Provides informal guidance to new joiners and junior peers. Formally mentors 0-2 junior team members; provides structured feedback and development support.

6How you'll be judged

The scoreboard, and what is not on it. The hard targets, how often each is actually looked at, and the quiet signals that never reach a dashboard.

Project Delivery Rate
The percentage of assigned workplace strategy projects completed on time and within the agreed budget.
Target · 90% of projects on time and within 5% of budget

Leading the EMEA office consolidation project, you'd ensure the new London hub is ready by 1st September and doesn't exceed its £2M budget by more than £100K.

Space Utilisation Improvement
The increase in actual space utilisation (e.g., desks, meeting rooms) for projects you've led, compared to baseline data.
Target · Increase space utilisation by 15% on completed projects

After redesigning the Manchester office, average desk utilisation should go from 35% to 50% during peak hours, as measured by our VergeSense sensors.

Employee Satisfaction (Post-Project)
The improvement in employee satisfaction scores related to the physical workplace and supporting services, specifically for projects you've driven.
Target · Improve post-project employee satisfaction scores by 10 points (on a 100-point scale)

Following the rollout of the new hybrid work model in our Dublin office, the 'My workspace supports my productivity' score in the employee survey should jump from 65 to 75.

Cost Per Seat Optimisation
The reduction in the average cost per seat for the specific sites or regions under your strategic influence.
Target · Reduce average cost-per-seat by 5-10% for your projects

By implementing a 'free address' model in our Paris office, you'd aim to reduce the annual cost per seat from £12,000 to £10,800-£11,400.

Strategic Influence & Buy-in
How effectively you build consensus and gain support for your workplace strategies across different departments and leadership levels.
  • You'll be proactively invited to strategic planning meetings by HR and IT. Your proposals won't just get approved
  • they'll be championed by senior leaders. People will come to you for advice on workplace matters, even if it's outside your immediate project. Frankly, you'll feel like your voice truly matters.
Quality of Strategic Recommendations
The depth, insight, and practicality of your workplace strategy proposals and business cases.
  • Your business cases will be robust, data-driven, and clearly link workplace strategy to commercial outcomes. Leadership will rarely ask for significant revisions because your initial thinking is so thorough. You'll be able to articulate the 'why' behind every recommendation, not just the 'what'.
Mentorship & Knowledge Sharing
Your ability to guide and develop junior team members, sharing your expertise and helping them grow.
  • Junior strategists will actively seek your guidance and feedback. They'll show demonstrable improvement in their project work and analytical skills after working with you. You'll be seen as a go-to person for problem-solving and career advice within the team.
Proactive Problem Solving
Your knack for spotting potential issues before they become major problems and proposing practical solutions.
  • You'll flag potential budget overruns or stakeholder resistance early, presenting options to mitigate them. You won't just identify a problem
  • you'll come with 2-3 potential solutions. People will trust you to handle tricky situations without constant oversight.

7Would you like it

Both sides. What people enjoy, and what grinds them down.

What people enjoy
Solving Complex Puzzles

You love taking messy, incomplete data, conflicting stakeholder opinions, and a vague brief, and turning it into a clear, actionable plan. The more variables, the better. You enjoy the 'aha!' moment when a strategy finally clicks.

You're given a brief to reduce real estate costs by 20% while improving employee satisfaction. Instead of panicking, you're excited to dig into the data, model scenarios, and find the sweet spot.

Making a Tangible Impact

You're not content with theoretical ideas; you want to see your strategies implemented and actually make a difference. You get a real buzz from walking into a redesigned office and seeing people thrive in the spaces you helped create.

After months of planning, you see the new collaboration hub you designed being used by teams, leading to positive feedback and measurable improvements in project delivery.

Driving Organisational Change

You enjoy guiding people through transitions, even when it's tough. You're energised by the challenge of getting people to embrace new ways of working and seeing the positive shifts in culture and productivity.

You successfully lead a change management programme for a new hybrid working model, helping employees adapt and seeing a noticeable improvement in their understanding and adoption of the new approach.

What frustrates people
  • The HiPPO Effect: You'll spend months on data analysis and employee research, only for it to be overturned by the 'Highest Paid Person's Opinion' after a single walk-through of your proposed design. It's infuriating, but it happens.
  • The Finance vs. HR Tug-of-War: You'll constantly be caught in the middle, trying to balance Finance's relentless drive to slash cost-per-square-foot with HR's mandate to create a premium employee experience to attract top talent. It's a tricky tightrope walk.
  • 'Badge Data is Not Truth': You'll often fight the executive assumption that building entry badge swipes are an accurate measure of how people are actually using the office space throughout the day. It's a common misconception that needs constant debunking.
  • Pilot Purgatory: You might successfully run a pilot project that clearly proves a new concept works brilliantly, only to see the global rollout stalled for years due to budget constraints, shifting priorities, or just plain inertia. It can feel like groundhog day.
  • The 'Furniture Project' Misconception: Some stakeholders will treat a multi-million-pound strategic transformation of how the company works as if it's just about picking new desks and chairs. It's much more than that, and you'll need to educate them constantly.
  • Change Fatigue: You might launch a brilliant new workplace strategy right after the company has gone through a major re-organisation, a new ERP implementation, and a benefits overhaul. Employees will be exhausted, and resistance will be high – you'll need serious resilience.
What this role does not give you
  • A quiet, predictable routine with minimal interruptions. Expect the unexpected.
  • Complete autonomy over budget and strategic direction without needing to justify it to multiple stakeholders.
  • A guarantee that every single one of your well-researched recommendations will be adopted without modification.
  • A role where you only deal with 'happy path' scenarios; messy data and conflicting agendas are the norm.

8Who you work with

This role directly impacts our global real estate costs, employee productivity, talent attraction and retention, and overall company culture. Your recommendations shape how and where our people work, influencing everything from daily collaboration to long-term business strategy. Get it right, and we're more agile and efficient; get it wrong, and we're stuck with expensive, underutilised spaces.

Inside the business
  • HR Business Partners and HR Leadership
  • IT Infrastructure and Digital Workplace Teams
  • Regional Real Estate Leads
  • Finance Business Partners and Cost Centre Owners
  • Business Unit Heads (e.g., Sales, Engineering, Marketing)
  • Internal Communications Team
Outside the business
  • Architects and Interior Design Firms
  • Furniture and Technology Vendors
  • Commercial Real Estate Brokers and Landlords
  • Workplace Technology Providers (e.g., sensor companies)

9What you need before you start

Not a wish list. The things you would be expected to already have.

  • Proven experience in leading complex workplace strategy projects for large organisations.
  • Demonstrable ability to conduct robust data analysis and translate insights into actionable recommendations.
  • Strong track record of influencing senior stakeholders and driving organisational change.
  • Experience with IWMS platforms and advanced data visualisation tools (e.g., Tableau, Power BI).
  • A solid understanding of financial modelling principles as they apply to real estate decisions.
  • Experience mentoring junior team members or leading project teams informally.

10What to practise next

Where the job is going, and what to do about it starting this week.

Generative Design for Space Planning

AI-powered generative design tools can create thousands of optimised floor plan layouts based on our constraints and goals in minutes. This dramatically speeds up the design process and uncovers solutions we might never have thought of manually. It's moving beyond traditional CAD to intelligent design.

Parametric Design · Optimisation Algorithms · Constraint-Based Modelling · Human-AI Collaboration in Design

  • This month: Research leading generative design software for architecture (e.g., Autodesk Forma, TestFit).
  • Month 2: Attend a webinar or online workshop on generative design principles.
  • Month 3: Work with our design partners to explore how they're using or could use these tools on our projects.
  • Month 4: Propose a pilot project where generative design could be used to explore layout options for a new office.

Quick win: Familiarise yourself with basic parametric design concepts. Ask our architects about their current design automation tools and what's on their radar.

Digital Twin & IoT Integration

The future of facilities management is a 'digital twin' of our buildings – a virtual replica that's constantly updated with real-time data from IoT sensors. This allows for predictive maintenance, real-time space optimisation, and a much deeper understanding of building performance. You'll need to understand how our physical spaces are mirrored digitally.

IoT Sensor Networks (HVAC, lighting, occupancy) · Building Information Modelling (BIM) for Digital Twins · Real-time Data Visualisation & Dashboards · Smart Building Automation

  • This month: Research companies offering digital twin solutions for commercial real estate.
  • Month 2: Understand our current building management systems (BMS) and where IoT sensors are already deployed.
  • Month 3: Work with our IT and Facilities teams to explore a small-scale digital twin pilot for one of our offices.
  • Month 4: Develop a business case for integrating more IoT data into our workplace strategy dashboards.

Quick win: Ask for a demo of our existing building management systems. Talk to our facilities managers about the data they currently collect and what they wish they knew in real-time.

11Staying current once you are in

What people here do to keep up
  • Attending industry conferences and workshops on the future of work, hybrid strategies, and workplace technology.
  • Participating in online courses or webinars focused on advanced data analytics, AI in real estate, or organisational psychology.
  • Engaging with professional networks and forums to share insights and learn from peers in the workplace strategy community.
  • Reading key publications and research papers on workplace trends, employee experience, and real estate innovation.

12The rising capability

The rising capability

Zavmo analysis

What's rising in its place

This is where the work is heading, and the higher pay with it. Get fluent here and the shift stops being a threat and starts being your edge.

Advanced Predictive Analytics for Occupancy

Simply put, the 'hybrid paradox' is real. We need to accurately predict how many people will be in the office, when, and what spaces they'll need. Basic utilisation data isn't enough anymore. Competitors are already using sophisticated models to optimise their portfolios, reducing costs and improving employee experience.

  • Machine Learning for Time Series Forecasting
  • Scenario-Based Modelling with Probabilistic Outcomes
  • Integration of HR Data (e.g., team schedules, project cycles)
  • Ethical AI & Data Privacy in Predictive Models

Neuro-Inclusive Design Principles

Workplaces need to support everyone, and that includes people with diverse neurological profiles. Companies that design truly inclusive spaces will attract and retain a broader talent pool, and frankly, it's the right thing to do. It's moving beyond basic accessibility to genuine inclusion.

  • Sensory Design (lighting, acoustics, textures)
  • Spatial Layout & Wayfinding for Clarity
  • Variety of Work Settings (focus, collaboration, quiet zones)
  • Psychological Safety in Physical Space

13What you’ll use

What you’ll use

Skills this role draws on

Technical

  • Change Management Methodologies (ADKAR, Kotter's 8-Step)
  • Activity-Based Working (ABW) & Zoning
  • Scenario Modeling & Occupancy Planning
  • Workplace Experience (WX) Design
  • Real Estate Portfolio Optimisation
  • Post-Occupancy Evaluation (POE)

14The pathway

The pathway

How you actually get there, here

How you become one varies far more by country than what one does. This is the UK route. Most people take one of these ways in; the right one depends on where you're starting from.

  1. 1

    Workplace Strategist (L2)

    2-3 years

    Skills to master

    • Independent project management for single sites, advanced data analysis (utilisation, surveys), stakeholder communication for routine updates, contributing to strategic documents.

    You're ready to move on when

    • Successfully delivered 3-5 mid-sized workplace projects with minimal supervision.
    • Consistently produced high-quality data analysis and insights that informed strategic decisions.
    • Demonstrated ability to manage project timelines and budgets effectively.
    • Received positive feedback on stakeholder engagement and communication skills.
  2. 2

    Senior Project Manager (Real Estate/Facilities)

    3-5 years

    Skills to master

    • Deep understanding of project lifecycle, budget management (up to £1M), vendor management, risk mitigation, and translating project delivery into strategic outcomes.

    You're ready to move on when

    • Managed multiple complex real estate projects (e.g., office fit-outs, relocations) on time and within budget.
    • Proven ability to coordinate cross-functional teams (design, construction, IT, HR).
    • Demonstrated strong problem-solving skills in project execution.
    • Exhibited a strategic mindset beyond just project delivery, linking projects to broader business goals.
  3. 3

    Senior HR Business Partner / Organisational Development Specialist

    4-6 years

    Skills to master

    • Deep understanding of employee experience, talent management, change management at an organisational level, and linking people strategy to business outcomes.

    You're ready to move on when

    • Successfully led significant organisational change initiatives (e.g., new policies, culture programmes).
    • Strong track record of influencing senior leadership on people-related strategies.
    • Demonstrated ability to analyse employee data (engagement, retention) and draw actionable insights.
    • Exhibited a clear understanding of how physical and digital workplaces impact employee well-being and productivity.

15Where this role leads

The long view: This work can lead to senior roles directing workplace strategy across a whole organisation, or to positions overseeing global real estate and workplace functions.

The ten Future Fluencies

Zavmo analysis

The credential is what you can do today. These are what keep you valuable.

A qualification proves you can do the job as it's defined today. These ten are what decide whether you're still the obvious person for it in five years. They're the capabilities employers are now writing into senior roles faster than people are learning them. Zavmo weaves them through whatever you study, so you come out with both: the credential and the fluency.

The highlighted ones are the Fluencies your role leans on hardest, from how Senior Global Workplace Strategy Director is actually changing.

How you would learn this

One to one, on the work you already do

A tutor sets the task against your own job and marks the reasoning, at your pace. There is no cohort to fall behind.

A lesson from Space management for facilities managers, worked against Senior Global Workplace Strategy Director.

Space management for facilities managers Level 5

Applied to your work in Senior Global Workplace Strategy Director

This unit aims to enable learners to develop and implement effective space management strategies within facilities, considering building structure, services, and user needs. Learners will be able to prepare space layout briefs and manage accommodation changes to optimise resource utilisation and minimise disruption.

How the thinking builds
  1. 1 Remember
  2. 2 Understand
  3. 3 Apply
  4. 4 Analyse
  5. 5 Evaluate
  6. 6 Create
An illustration of a Zavmo lesson, built from this role’s own route. The unit, its objective and every criterion above are the awarding body’s own words, not an example.

It is £70 a month, billed monthly. Your free first module is Future Fluency, and you can cancel any time.

See Your Progress Grow Illustration
Senior Global Workplace Strategy Director
  • Change Management Methodologies (ADKAR, Kotter's 8-Step)
  • Activity-Based Working (ABW) & Zoning
  • Scenario Modeling & Occupancy Planning
  • Workplace Experience (WX) Design
  • Real Estate Portfolio Optimisation
  • Post-Occupancy Evaluation (POE)
This is your Mind Palace on learn.zavmo.ai. Every skill above comes from this role's own record, not an example borrowed from another job. A node lights up when you evidence it, and what you build stays yours between jobs. That is the part a course cannot do.

16The detail, folded away

Everything else the record holds

The career branches in full, how AI is already showing up in the day-to-day, and the questions people ask about this job. Here when you want them, out of the way while you decide.

Where it leads next, rung by rung

Where it leads

The career path, and where it branches

Senior Global Workplace Strategy Director is a start, not a ceiling. Each step below asks for new skills and hands back more autonomy.

  1. Lead Workplace Strategist / Manager, Workplace Strategy (L4)

    3-5 years

    You'll move from leading individual projects to managing a small team of strategists or overseeing a major regional programme. Your focus shifts to designing the strategic frameworks and playbooks that guide the entire organisation's approach to workplace.

    • Enterprise-level Portfolio Analysis Analysing the entire global portfolio for strategic opportunities.
    • Vendor Relationship Management Managing strategic partnerships with key external providers.
    • Cross-functional Programme Leadership Leading initiatives that span multiple departments with significant organisational impact.
    • Developing and implementing global workplace standards and policies.
Working with AI on the job

Working with AI

Where AI is starting to help

Let's be honest, a big chunk of workplace strategy involves sifting through data, drafting reports, and trying to predict the future. Imagine if you could cut down on the tedious bits and focus on the really strategic, impactful work. Well, with AI, you can. We're leaning into these tools to make our strategists more effective, not to replace them.

In Realestate Facilities Management, AI isn't just a buzzword; it's a game-changer for how we plan, design, and manage our spaces. For a Senior Global Workplace Strategy Director, this means less time on manual analysis and more time on high-level problem-solving and influencing. Here's how AI can seriously boost your productivity:

Automated Stacking Plan Generator

Instead of manually juggling requirements, feed AI adjacency needs (e.g., 'Marketing must be near Sales'), headcount projections, and space constraints. The AI will generate multiple optimised stacking plan options in minutes, not days. This frees you up to refine, not just create, initial layouts.

Predictive Utilisation Analysis

Use AI to analyse sensor data, meeting room bookings, and badge swipes. It can forecast future demand for different space types (like focus rooms or collaboration zones), helping you prevent costly over- or under-building. You'll move from reactive to proactive planning, making your business cases much stronger.

Workplace Trend Synthesizer

Imagine having an AI research assistant that scans and summarises the latest academic papers, industry reports, and articles on topics like 'neuro-inclusive design' or 'sustainable workplace materials'. It provides curated insights directly to you, saving hours of manual research for your strategy documents.

Persona-Based Change Comms

AI can draft tailored communication plans for a new workplace strategy. It generates different messages for, say, engineers (focusing on tech and quiet focus space) versus sales teams (highlighting client-facing areas and collaboration hubs). This ensures your message resonates with everyone, improving adoption.

Common questions

Common questions

How do you become a Senior Global Workplace Strategy Director?

Common routes in include Workplace Strategist (2-3 years), Senior Project Manager (Real Estate/Facilities) (3-5 years) and Senior HR Business Partner / Organisational Development Specialist (4-6 years). Times vary with prior experience.

Where can a Senior Global Workplace Strategy Director progress to?

This role can lead on to Lead Workplace Strategist / Manager, Workplace Strategy (3-5 years), depending on the skills you build.

What new skills matter most for a Senior Global Workplace Strategy Director?

Increasingly, Advanced Predictive Analytics for Occupancy and Neuro-Inclusive Design Principles. These are the skills our record of this role lists as growing.

Free tools

Want a read on where you stand?

Three free tools, no account needed. Each one ends with a role, a level and a way in.

17Where to go from here

Other roles at Level 5

Same depth of qualification, different job. Useful if the work appeals but this particular role does not.

More jobs in property and facilities

Stay in the field you know and move sideways rather than up.

If you leave this industry

The skills built in this role carry into broader real estate leadership, organisational development, HR roles focused on employee experience, and strategic consulting in real estate or facilities management.

This role profile is © 2026 Growth Engineering Technologies Ltd. Built from UK occupational standards and regulated qualification data, and written for Zavmo.

You're not behind. You're right on time. The shift is only just beginning. Your role won't look the same in two years. Be the one who leads the change, not the one it happens to. Start my plan, free What happens next: a free account, then we build your plan as you set up. No card. Build your plan, see your roadmap and meet the twelve tutors matched to you. All free. When you're ready to start learning, it's £70 a month, billed monthly. Cancel any time and billing stops.