UK

United Kingdom · Property and facilities · Director/VP (16-20 years)

Director, Global EHS & Facilities Compliance

Here is the whole job, in plain words. What it is, what you decide, how you're judged, how people get here and where they go next. Then the part no course gives you: twelve AI tutors who learn your work.

See how AI is changing this job, and get the full read by email.

Start my free Data Fluency module

As a Director, Global EHS & Facilities Compliance, a good place to start on ESG Integration & Impact Reporting is Using Data to Direct a Department's Priorities, a free Future Fluency module at Level 5. You'd practise using the data your department already produces to decide where its effort should go.

Free to start, no card.

Keep this job description

Where should we send it?

One email: what AI is changing in this job, the new skills it asks for, where it leads, and where to start free. With a link back here. Nothing else follows unless you confirm your address.

Your employer, or 'self-employed'

Leading a team? Try this with up to five of them for 14 days, free.

  • Experience bandDirector/VP (16-20 years)
  • Direct reports25-100+ reports
  • Reports toChief Operating Officer (COO) or Chief Realestate_Facilities_Management Officer (CRFMO)
  • UK framework levelUsually a director, accountable for a division and its numbers

Also advertised as VP, Health, Safety & Environment (HSE) · Global Head of Workplace Safety · Director of Facilities Risk & Compliance · Head of ESG & Safety Operations

Built on 43,079 real UK job descriptions we analysed · grounded in what real qualifications cover

Two short quizzes about you

1From this job to a course

The qualifications matched to this job

CMI Level 5 NVQ Diploma in Management and Leadership Chartered Management Institute · Level 5 · covers 4 of 10 standards
IWFM Level 4 Diploma in Facilities Management Practice Institute of Workplace and Facilities Management · Level 4 · covers 3 of 10 standards
ProQual Level 4 NVQ Diploma in Management ProQual Awarding Body · Level 4 · covers 1 of 10 standards
IWFM Level 5 Certificate in Facilities Management Institute of Workplace and Facilities Management · Level 5 · covers 3 of 10 standards
IWFM Level 5 Diploma in Facilities Management Institute of Workplace and Facilities Management · Level 5 · covers 2 of 10 standards
IWFM Level 5 Award in Facilities Management Institute of Workplace and Facilities Management · Level 5 · covers 2 of 10 standards

Matched from the standards this job is measured against: a suggestion, not an official ruling.

The units you would start with

Manage Health and Safety in own area of responsibility CMI Level 5 NVQ Diploma in Management and Leadership
Implement health and safety and environmental facilities management procedures IWFM Level 4 Diploma in Facilities Management Practice
Managing health and safety in facilities management IWFM Level 5 Certificate in Facilities Management

The future skills this job leans on

AI Fluency working with AI as a thinking partner
Data Fluency turning numbers into a decision
AI Governance Fluency using AI responsibly
Sustainability Fluency building care for people and planet into the work
Foresight Fluency seeing round the corner
Your Plan Illustration

Built for Director, Global EHS & Facilities Compliance

3 units that map to this job, from the qualifications that cover it.

  1. Manage Health and Safety in own area of responsibility Chartered Management Institute · covers 4 of 10 standards Level 5
  2. Implement health and safety and environmental facilities management procedures Institute of Workplace and Facilities Management · covers 3 of 10 standards Level 4
  3. Managing health and safety in facilities management Institute of Workplace and Facilities Management · covers 3 of 10 standards Level 5
These are the real units behind this job, in the order they rank for it. Nothing here is marked done, because this plan has not been started by anyone yet. Yours would fill in as you go.

2AI and this work

Will AI change your work as a Director, Global EHS & Facilities Compliance?

Nobody can say exactly how. Here is what this job is being asked for next, and where to start.

The new skills this role is being asked for

  • ESG Integration & Impact Reporting
  • AI & Advanced Analytics for Predictive EHS
Why each one is rising

The future skills this job leans on

We'll only ever tell you what we can actually back up. No hype, no scare tactics.

What happens when you start

Next, a free account. We build your Director, Global EHS & Facilities Compliance plan as you set up, starting with the free Data Fluency module. No card.

Your first Future Fluency module is free. After that, your AI tutor is £70 a month.

Ready to pay? Subscribe for £70 a month

Keep this read. One email with what AI is changing in this job, the new skills it asks for and where to start free. Nothing else follows unless you confirm your address.

3What this role really is

This role sets the approach to environmental, health and safety across an international property portfolio. It covers long-term strategy for keeping facilities compliant and people safe, aiming for practice that leads rather than just meets the rules.

4What you'd actually use

The tools this job runs on, and how well you'd need to know each one.

Intelex, Cority, Enablon (EHS Management Platforms) Strategic

Leading vendor selection (RFP process), defining enterprise data architecture for EHS, overseeing integration with HRIS/ERP systems, and using high-level dashboards to drive strategic decisions and present to the Board.

iAuditor (by SafetyCulture), GoCanvas (Field Audit & Inspection) Architect

Setting the global standard for digital inspections, mandating data points required for portfolio-level risk modelling, and ensuring consistency and quality across all regional audits.

Microsoft Power BI, Tableau (Data & Analytics) Strategic

Presenting portfolio-wide risk dashboards to the executive board, using data to justify strategic investments in EHS, and overseeing the development of advanced analytics for predictive risk identification.

Cornerstone OnDemand, Litmos (LMS & Training) Strategic

Defining the global EHS training strategy and budget, linking competency frameworks to performance management systems (like Workday/SuccessFactors), and ensuring mandatory compliance training is robust and effective across all regions.

LexisNexis Environmental Compliance, Enhesa (Regulatory Intelligence) Strategic

Setting global policy based on overarching regulatory trends, engaging with legal counsel to determine the company's risk appetite and compliance position, and using intelligence to inform proactive EHS strategy.

5What you get to decide, and how that grows

Power in a job isn't your title. It's what you're allowed to decide. Here's how it grows as you move up.

The choiceComing in Where you are nowThe step above
Global EHS Policy Definition No involvement. Follows established policies. Proposes minor amendments to existing policies based on local observations. Drafts and recommends new EHS policies for specific workstreams, with input from legal.
EHS Technology Platform Selection Uses existing EHS platforms for data entry. Provides feedback on user experience of current platforms. Researches and recommends specific features or modules for existing platforms.
Major Incident Response & Communication Reports incident to supervisor; assists with initial data gathering. Leads local incident investigation, drafts initial report. Oversees complex regional incident investigations, advises on corrective actions, drafts communications for regional leadership.
Global EHS Budget Allocation No budget authority. Manages small project budgets (e.g., £5K for training materials). Manages workstream budgets up to £50K, makes recommendations for larger investments.

6How you'll be judged

The scoreboard, and what is not on it. The hard targets, how often each is actually looked at, and the quiet signals that never reach a dashboard.

Lost Time Injury Frequency Rate (LTIFR)
The number of lost time injuries per 100,000 hours worked across the entire portfolio.
Target · Year-over-year reduction of 15% across the global portfolio.

If our LTIFR was 0.8 last year, we'd expect it to be 0.68 or lower this year. This is a big one, everyone watches it.

Regulatory Fines & Penalties
Total monetary value of fines, penalties, and legal settlements related to EHS non-compliance.
Target · Zero significant fines (>£10K) annually.

No £50,000 fine from a local authority for a permit violation. Frankly, any fine is a failure at this level.

EHS Management System Audit Score
Average score from internal and external audits of our global EHS management system (e.g., ISO 45001 alignment).
Target · Maintain an average score of 90%+ across all regions, with no critical non-conformities.

Achieving 92% in the EMEA region's ISO 45001 audit, with only minor observations, not major findings.

Insurance Premium Reduction / Cost Avoidance
Demonstrable impact on our global insurance premiums due to improved risk profiles and claims reduction.
Target · Contribute to a 5-10% year-over-year reduction in EHS-related insurance costs.

Providing evidence to underwriters that our claims frequency has dropped by 20%, leading to a £250,000 saving on our annual liability premium.

Board & Executive Confidence
The degree to which the C-Suite and Board trust your EHS strategy and reporting, seeing you as a proactive risk manager.
  • You're regularly invited to present EHS updates to the Board. Your recommendations for strategic investments in EHS are usually approved. Executive leadership proactively consults you on major business decisions (e.g., acquisitions, new market entry) for EHS implications.
Global EHS Culture Maturity
The shift from a reactive, compliance-driven culture to a proactive, preventative, and embedded safety culture across all regions.
  • Regional EHS Managers report high levels of engagement from local leadership. We see a significant increase in 'Good Catches' and near-miss reporting. Employee perception surveys show improved scores for safety climate and leadership commitment to EHS. You're seen as a business enabler, not a 'safety cop'.
Integration with Business Strategy
How well EHS considerations are integrated into broader business functions like ESG, procurement, and new project development.
  • EHS is a standing item on the ESG committee agenda. EHS clauses are automatically embedded into all major vendor contracts. You're involved from the outset in planning new facility builds or major renovations to ensure 'safety by design'.

7Would you like it

Both sides. What people enjoy, and what grinds them down.

What people enjoy
Making a Tangible Difference to People's Lives

Knowing that your policies and systems directly contribute to preventing injuries, ill-health, and even fatalities for thousands of employees and contractors across the globe. It's about seeing those LTIFR numbers drop and knowing your work had a hand in it.

You'll feel a deep sense of satisfaction when a regional manager reports zero serious incidents for the quarter, or when an employee thanks you for a new ergonomic programme that's eased their back pain.

Solving Complex, High-Stakes Global Puzzles

Tackling the challenge of harmonising diverse international EHS regulations into a coherent global framework. It's about the intellectual thrill of designing systems that work across different legal, cultural, and operational contexts.

You'll spend time figuring out how to implement a global contractor safety standard that satisfies both EU directives and specific APAC country requirements, then seeing it successfully rolled out.

Building & Leading a High-Performing Global Team

Developing your regional EHS managers, empowering them to lead their local teams, and fostering a collaborative, expert community. It's about seeing your team grow, excel, and become true partners to the business.

You'll take pride in mentoring a regional manager who then successfully implements a complex new safety programme, or seeing one of your direct reports get promoted to a bigger role.

What frustrates people
  • Hearing 'safety is our number one priority' in a town hall, then having a critical EHS system upgrade denied due to 'budget constraints' a week later.
  • Dealing with a regional business leader who consistently pushes back on global EHS standards, creating inconsistencies and compliance gaps.
  • The constant pressure to justify your existence and budget with ROI calculations for incidents that you successfully prevented from happening—it's hard to prove a negative!
  • Navigating conflicting legal advice from different country lawyers on how to interpret the same global safety standard, leaving you to make the final, high-stakes judgment call.
  • The sheer emotional weight of managing a serious incident, knowing that someone has been hurt on your watch, despite all your efforts.
What this role does not give you
  • A quiet, predictable 9-to-5 job with no urgent crises.
  • A role where you can implement changes unilaterally without needing to win over hearts and minds.
  • A path where you're solely focused on technical EHS details without needing to engage with broader business strategy or financial implications.
  • A position where you're always popular; sometimes, you'll have to make tough decisions that aren't well-received.

8Who you work with

Your decisions here directly influence our operational costs (think insurance premiums and legal fines), our brand reputation, and our ability to attract and retain talent. You're shaping the company's risk profile and ensuring we can grow responsibly without compromising safety or compliance. Frankly, you're protecting the business from significant financial and human harm.

Inside the business
  • C-Suite (CEO, COO, CFO)
  • Legal & Compliance Department
  • Global Facilities Management Leadership
  • Human Resources Leadership
  • Procurement & Supply Chain Directors
  • ESG & Sustainability Team
  • Regional Business Unit Heads
Outside the business
  • Regulatory bodies (e.g., HSE, OSHA, local authorities)
  • Insurance providers and underwriters
  • External auditors and certification bodies
  • Industry associations and peer groups
  • Key contractors and vendors
  • Investor relations team (for ESG reporting)

9What you need before you start

Not a wish list. The things you would be expected to already have.

  • A minimum of 16 years' progressive experience in EHS leadership roles, with at least 5 years at a senior management or director level within a multi-national organisation.
  • Demonstrable experience in developing and implementing global EHS strategies and management systems across diverse geographies and cultures.
  • Proven track record of managing significant EHS budgets (multi-million £) and delivering measurable improvements in EHS performance (e.g., LTIFR reduction, audit scores).
  • Extensive experience in managing and responding to major EHS incidents, regulatory investigations, and complex legal challenges.
  • Strong leadership experience, including managing large, geographically dispersed teams of EHS professionals.
  • Expertise in EHS technology selection, implementation, and optimisation for global use.

10What to practise next

Where the job is going, and what to do about it starting this week.

Cybersecurity & Data Privacy in EHS

As EHS systems become more interconnected and data-rich, they become prime targets for cyber threats. Protecting sensitive EHS data (e.g., incident reports, medical information) is paramount. You'll need to understand the risks and ensure our EHS tech stack is secure and compliant with global data privacy regulations (e.g., GDPR).

GDPR & CCPA (and equivalents) · Security by Design · Threat Modelling for EHS Systems · Incident Response for Data Breaches

  • This quarter: Meet with our CISO or Head of IT Security to understand our current cybersecurity posture for EHS systems.
  • Next 6 months: Review our EHS vendor contracts to ensure robust data security and privacy clauses.
  • Month 7-9: Develop a data classification policy specifically for EHS information.
  • Month 10-12: Participate in a tabletop exercise for an EHS data breach scenario.

Quick win: Ensure all your team's devices use multi-factor authentication. Review access permissions for sensitive EHS data within your current platforms.

11Staying current once you are in

What people here do to keep up
  • Regularly attend and present at international EHS conferences and industry forums (e.g., NSC Congress, Safety & Health Expo).
  • Participate in relevant industry working groups or committees to influence future EHS standards and best practices.
  • Maintain active membership and engagement with professional EHS bodies, contributing to their thought leadership.
  • Undertake continuous learning in areas like ESG reporting, AI in EHS, and global legislative updates through executive education programmes or specialised courses.
  • Mentor junior EHS professionals, sharing your knowledge and experience to build the next generation of leaders.

12The rising capability

The rising capability

Zavmo analysis

What's rising in its place

This is where the work is heading, and the higher pay with it. Get fluent here and the shift stops being a threat and starts being your edge.

ESG Integration & Impact Reporting

Investors, regulators, and customers are increasingly scrutinising companies' Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) performance. EHS is a huge part of the 'E' and 'S'. Your ability to link EHS performance directly to our ESG narrative and reporting will become even more critical, influencing our brand, investment, and talent attraction.

  • Materiality Assessments
  • ESG Rating Agency Methodologies
  • Double Materiality
  • TCFD (Task Force on Climate-related Financial Disclosures)
  • Stakeholder Capitalism

AI & Advanced Analytics for Predictive EHS

The sheer volume of data we collect from EHS platforms, IoT sensors in facilities, and external sources is growing exponentially. Traditional analysis can't keep up. AI will move us from reactive incident reporting to proactive, predictive risk management, allowing us to anticipate and prevent issues before they occur. Those who master this will drive superior EHS performance.

  • Machine Learning Fundamentals (Supervised/Unsupervised)
  • Predictive Modelling for EHS Risks
  • Data Governance & Ethics for AI
  • IoT Sensor Integration & Data Streams
  • Explainable AI (XAI)

13What you’ll use

What you’ll use

Skills this role draws on

Technical

  • Safety Management Systems (ISO 45001)
  • International Regulatory Interpretation & Compliance
  • Incident Investigation & Root Cause Analysis (RCA)
  • Contractor Safety Management (Global)
  • Environmental Management Systems (ISO 14001)

14The pathway

The pathway

How you actually get there, here

How you become one varies far more by country than what one does. This is the UK route. Most people take one of these ways in; the right one depends on where you're starting from.

  1. 1

    Regional EHS Manager / Head of EHS (Large Multinational)

    12-16 years' experience leading EHS for a significant region (e.g., EMEA, APAC) or a large business unit within a complex, global organisation.

    Skills to master

    • Mastery of regional regulatory compliance, strong team leadership, budget management, and a proven ability to influence senior business leaders without direct authority.

    You're ready to move on when

    • Successfully reduced LTIFR by 20%+ across a large region.
    • Implemented a new EHS management system that achieved ISO certification.
    • Managed a major EHS incident with positive outcomes and minimal reputational damage.
    • Developed and mentored a high-performing regional EHS team.
  2. 2

    Global Head of Facilities Compliance (Non-EHS focus)

    15+ years' experience leading facilities compliance, but with a strong emphasis on integrating safety and environmental aspects into broader compliance frameworks.

    Skills to master

    • Deep expertise in multi-jurisdictional facilities regulations, strong risk management skills, and experience in integrating diverse compliance streams.

    You're ready to move on when

    • Successfully harmonised facilities compliance standards across multiple countries.
    • Developed and implemented a robust compliance audit programme for a large property portfolio.
    • Demonstrated ability to influence legal and operational teams on compliance matters.
    • Managed a significant compliance project with a budget of £1M+.
  3. 3

    Consulting Partner (Specialising in EHS/FM)

    15+ years' experience, including a significant tenure as a senior consultant or partner at a reputable EHS or Facilities Management consulting firm, advising global clients.

    Skills to master

    • Exceptional client management, strategic advisory skills, deep industry knowledge across various sectors, and a proven ability to develop and sell complex EHS solutions.

    You're ready to move on when

    • Led major EHS transformation projects for Fortune 500 clients.
    • Built and managed a successful EHS consulting practice or team.
    • Published thought leadership or presented at major industry events.
    • Demonstrated ability to drive significant client outcomes and generate substantial revenue.

15Where this role leads

The long view: This work can lead to executive leadership. It might mean staying focused on EHS at the highest level. Or it could mean moving into wider operational or risk management roles, such as Chief Operating Officer or Chief Risk Officer.

The ten Future Fluencies

Zavmo analysis

The credential is what you can do today. These are what keep you valuable.

A qualification proves you can do the job as it's defined today. These ten are what decide whether you're still the obvious person for it in five years. They're the capabilities employers are now writing into senior roles faster than people are learning them. Zavmo weaves them through whatever you study, so you come out with both: the credential and the fluency.

The highlighted ones are the Fluencies your role leans on hardest, from how Director, Global EHS & Facilities Compliance is actually changing.

Where it leads

Roles this leads to

How you would learn this

One to one, on the work you already do

A tutor sets the task against your own job and marks the reasoning, at your pace. There is no cohort to fall behind.

A lesson from Manage Health and Safety in own area of responsibility, worked against Director, Global EHS & Facilities Compliance.

Manage Health and Safety in own area of responsibility Level 5

Applied to your work in Director, Global EHS & Facilities Compliance

This unit aims to enable learners to understand and manage health and safety within their own area of responsibility. Learners will gain knowledge of legal responsibilities, risk assessment, and risk minimisation strategies to promote a safe working environment.

How the thinking builds
  1. 1 Remember
  2. 2 Understand
  3. 3 Apply
  4. 4 Analyse
  5. 5 Evaluate
  6. 6 Create
An illustration of a Zavmo lesson, built from this role’s own route. The unit, its objective and every criterion above are the awarding body’s own words, not an example.

It is £70 a month, billed monthly. Your free first module is Future Fluency, and you can cancel any time.

See Your Progress Grow Illustration
Director, Global EHS & Facilities Compliance
  • Safety Management Systems (ISO 45001)
  • International Regulatory Interpretation & Compliance
  • Incident Investigation & Root Cause Analysis (RCA)
  • Contractor Safety Management (Global)
  • Environmental Management Systems (ISO 14001)
This is your Mind Palace on learn.zavmo.ai. Every skill above comes from this role's own record, not an example borrowed from another job. A node lights up when you evidence it, and what you build stays yours between jobs. That is the part a course cannot do.

16The detail, folded away

Everything else the record holds

The career branches in full, how AI is already showing up in the day-to-day, and the questions people ask about this job. Here when you want them, out of the way while you decide.

Where it leads next, rung by rung

Where it leads

The career path, and where it branches

Director, Global EHS & Facilities Compliance is a start, not a ceiling. Each step below asks for new skills and hands back more autonomy.

  1. VP, Global Workplace Safety & Wellbeing

    3-5 years in the Director role, demonstrating exceptional strategic impact and leadership.

    This is a significant jump to the C-suite level (L7), reporting directly to the CEO or CHRO, with broader scope and board-level accountability.

    • Advanced ESG reporting and strategy, driving the company's overall sustainability agenda.
    • M&A due diligence and integration from a broader workplace safety and wellbeing perspective.
    • Global HR policy integration for wellbeing initiatives.
    • Advanced crisis communications and reputation management.
Working with AI on the job

Working with AI

Where AI is starting to help

Imagine having more time to focus on strategic risk management, global policy, and team development, instead of getting bogged down in mountains of data analysis or regulatory research. That's exactly what AI can offer you as a Director of Global EHS & Facilities Compliance.

We're not talking about replacing your expertise; we're talking about augmenting it. AI tools, when used smartly, can crunch data, summarise complex regulations, and even draft policy outlines, freeing you up to make higher-level decisions and drive real change across our international portfolio. This isn't just about efficiency; it's about elevating your role to truly strategic heights.

Predictive Risk Modelling & Hot-Spotting

An advanced AI model analyses data from our EHS platform, CAFM system (maintenance backlogs), external weather patterns, and even local social media trends. It flags properties or activities with an elevated risk of a major incident (e.g., a critical equipment failure, a slip-and-fall cluster) in the coming weeks or months. This allows you to proactively allocate resources, mandate targeted interventions, and prevent issues before they escalate into crises. It’s about foresight, not just hindsight.

Global Regulatory Intelligence & Impact Analysis

Point an AI research assistant at newly published EHS legislation from any country – say, a 200-page update from Brazil or a new EU directive. It provides an instant, concise summary in English, highlighting key changes, identifying affected operations within our portfolio, and even suggesting initial policy adjustments. This drastically cuts down the time your team spends on manual legal interpretation, letting them focus on implementation.

Automated Policy & Procedure Drafting

Use a generative AI tool, trained on our existing global EHS policies and best practices, to draft initial versions of new procedures or updates. You input the core requirements (e.g., 'new global standard for confined space entry'), and the AI generates a comprehensive draft, including potential hazards, control measures, and training requirements. This provides a robust starting point, allowing your team to refine and specialise, rather than starting from scratch.

Executive EHS Dashboard Generation & Insights

An AI-powered analytics engine connects to all your EHS data sources (incidents, audits, training, CAFM). It doesn't just display data; it identifies significant trends, anomalies, and correlations that might otherwise be missed. It can even generate narrative summaries and key recommendations for your Board presentations, helping you tell a compelling story about our EHS performance and strategic needs, saving hours of manual report building.

Common questions

Common questions

How do you become a Director, Global EHS & Facilities Compliance?

Common routes in include Regional EHS Manager / Head of EHS (Large Multinational) (12-16 years' experience leading EHS for a significant region (e.g., EMEA, APAC) or a large business unit within a complex, global organisation.), Global Head of Facilities Compliance (Non-EHS focus) (15+ years' experience leading facilities compliance, but with a strong emphasis on integrating safety and environmental aspects into broader compliance frameworks.) and Consulting Partner (Specialising in EHS/FM) (15+ years' experience, including a significant tenure as a senior consultant or partner at a reputable EHS or Facilities Management consulting firm, advising global clients.). Times vary with prior experience.

Where can a Director, Global EHS & Facilities Compliance progress to?

This role can lead on to VP, Global Workplace Safety & Wellbeing (3-5 years in the Director role, demonstrating exceptional strategic impact and leadership.), depending on the skills you build.

What new skills matter most for a Director, Global EHS & Facilities Compliance?

Increasingly, ESG Integration & Impact Reporting and AI & Advanced Analytics for Predictive EHS. These are the skills our record of this role lists as growing.

Free tools

Want a read on where you stand?

Three free tools, no account needed. Each one ends with a role, a level and a way in.

Read the Zavmo manifesto to understand how you will be taught Meet your tutors

Or try another one

17Where to go from here

Other roles at Level 7

Same depth of qualification, different job. Useful if the work appeals but this particular role does not.

 More jobs in property and facilities

Stay in the field you know and move sideways rather than up.
If you leave this industry

Skills in global EHS, facilities compliance and risk management transfer to other asset-heavy industries such as manufacturing, logistics, energy, or large public sector organisations. The work of managing safety and compliance across a spread-out portfolio stays similar, even where the hazards differ.

This role profile is © 2026 Growth Engineering Technologies Ltd. Built from UK occupational standards and regulated qualification data, and written for Zavmo.

You're not behind. You're right on time. The shift is only just beginning. Your role won't look the same in two years. Be the one who leads the change, not the one it happens to. Start my free Data Fluency module What happens next: a free account, then we build your plan as you set up. No card. Build your plan, see your roadmap and meet the twelve tutors matched to you. All free. When you're ready to start learning, it's £70 a month, billed monthly. Cancel any time and billing stops.