UK

United Kingdom · Legal · Entry Level (0-2 years)

Disputes Clerk

Here is the whole job, in plain words. What it is, a real day, what you decide, how you're judged, how people get here and where they go next. Then the part no course gives you: twelve AI tutors who learn your work.

  • Experience bandEntry Level (0-2 years)
  • Direct reportsNo direct reports
  • Reports toSenior Disputes Coordinator or Lead Disputes Analyst
  • UK framework levelUsually someone starting out, or keeping a process running

Also advertised as Junior Legal Assistant (Disputes) · Legal Support Assistant · Litigation Administrator

Built on an analysis of 43,079 real UK job descriptions · grounded in qualifications employers recognise

Start with a free Future Fluency check, tuned to Disputes Clerk

Ten quick questions, one per Future Fluency, asked against this role rather than a generic one. About five minutes, and no card.

Start the check, free

1What this role really is

This role is all about supporting our Legal team, specifically in disputes. You'll be the person who keeps the administrative wheels turning, making sure documents are filed correctly, invoices are processed, and the legal hold process runs smoothly. Think of yourself as the bedrock for the team, handling the crucial, day-to-day tasks that allow our more senior folks to focus on the complex legal strategy. It's an entry point into a really interesting, often fast-paced, area of law.

2What you'd actually use

The tools this job runs on, and how well you'd need to know each one.

MS Office 365 (Word, Excel, Teams, Outlook)Intermediate

You'll use Word for drafting and formatting legal documents, Excel for maintaining tracking logs and simple data entry, Teams for internal communication and meetings, and Outlook for email management and scheduling.

Thomson Reuters Legal Tracker (or similar Matter Management)Basic

You'll enter new matter data, update matter statuses, and run pre-built reports as instructed. It's our central hub for case information.

iManage Work / NetDocuments (or similar Document Management)Basic

You'll save, retrieve, and organise documents following strict naming conventions and folder structures. You'll also handle basic version control.

Westlaw Edge / Lexis+ (or similar Legal Research)Basic

You'll pull specific cases or statutes by citation and perform simple keyword searches to assist with basic research tasks, under guidance.

Exterro / Zapproved Legal Hold Pro (or similar Legal Hold Software)Basic

You'll issue legal holds from templates, track custodian acknowledgements, and run basic compliance reports. This is a crucial part of your role.

RelativityOne / Logikcull (or similar eDiscovery Platform)Basic

You'll perform basic document tagging, run simple searches based on specific instructions, and assist with document exports for productions.

3What you get to decide, and how that grows

Power in a job isn't your title. It's what you're allowed to decide. Here's how it grows as you move up.

The choiceComing inWhere you are nowThe step above
Invoice ApprovalYou'll flag discrepancies and OCG violations to your supervisor. No approval authority.N/AN/A
Legal Hold IssuanceYou'll draft notices from templates and issue them under direct supervision. Custodian identification and content approval come from senior team members.N/AN/A
Conflict ConfirmationYou'll run the initial checks and report findings to your supervisor for review and confirmation.N/AN/A
Document ProductionYou'll assist with basic tasks like tagging or running simple searches as instructed. All final production decisions are made by senior legal staff.N/AN/A

4How you'll be judged

The scoreboard, honestly: the hard targets, how often each one is actually looked at, and the quiet human signals that never make it onto a dashboard.

Legal Hold Issuance Time
How quickly legal hold notices are drafted and sent out to custodians once a new matter is identified.
Target · Less than 24 hours from instruction

If a new dispute is flagged at 10:00 AM on Monday, the legal hold notice should be issued by 10:00 AM on Tuesday. Missing this could mean critical data is lost.

Invoice Processing Accuracy
The percentage of outside counsel invoices processed without errors or requiring corrections due to OCG (Outside Counsel Guidelines) violations.
Target · Greater than 98% accuracy

Out of 100 invoices processed in a month, you should only have two or fewer that need to be sent back to outside counsel for correction due to your error or a missed OCG violation.

Conflict Check Completion Rate
The percentage of conflict checks completed within our internal service level agreement (SLA).
Target · 100% completed within 4 business hours

If a request for a conflict check comes in at 9:00 AM, it needs to be actioned and completed by 1:00 PM the same day. Delays here can hold up new matters.

Document Filing & Tracking Accuracy
The percentage of documents correctly filed, named, and logged in our document management system and internal trackers.
Target · Greater than 99% accuracy

An audit of 500 documents you've filed should find no more than five errors in naming, location, or associated metadata. Getting this wrong means we can't find critical evidence when we need it most.

Adherence to Established Processes
How consistently you follow our documented procedures and checklists for tasks like legal holds, invoice review, and document management.
  • You'll consistently use the latest templates, follow step-by-step guides without deviation, and your work will reflect a methodical approach. Your supervisor won't need to remind you about standard operating procedures
  • you'll just do them.
Proactive Communication of Issues
Your ability to flag potential problems, delays, or questions early, rather than waiting for them to become urgent issues.
  • You'll tell your supervisor, 'I'm struggling to get a response from this custodian, should I escalate?' or 'This invoice looks off, but I can't quite pinpoint why.' You're not just executing
  • you're thinking a step ahead and asking for help when needed.
Learning & Application of Feedback
How quickly you absorb new information, apply training, and incorporate feedback into your daily work.
  • After a review session, you won't make the same mistake twice. You'll ask clarifying questions during training and show a clear improvement in your tasks over time. You're keen to understand the 'why' behind the 'what'.
Team Support & Collaboration
Your willingness to assist colleagues with routine tasks and contribute to a positive team environment.
  • You'll offer to help with a large filing task if you have capacity, or jump in to cover a basic request for a colleague who's swamped with a more complex matter. You're a reliable pair of hands for the team.

5Would you like it

The honest version. What people enjoy, and what grinds them down.

What people enjoy
Making Things Run Smoothly

You'll get a real kick out of seeing a process you manage run perfectly, knowing that your meticulous work has prevented issues further down the line. It's about the satisfaction of organised efficiency.

Successfully tracking down every legal hold acknowledgement for a complex matter, ensuring 100% compliance and a clear audit trail.

Learning a Complex Field

You're genuinely interested in how legal disputes work, from the initial complaint to discovery and resolution. Every task, even the repetitive ones, is an opportunity to understand the legal process better.

Asking your supervisor about the purpose of a specific court filing or how a particular eDiscovery step helps the legal strategy.

Contributing to a Critical Function

You understand that even seemingly small administrative tasks have significant legal implications. You feel a sense of purpose knowing your work directly supports the company's defence and compliance efforts.

Catching an error in an invoice that would have led to an overpayment, or ensuring a crucial document is filed correctly, preventing a later scramble.

What frustrates people
  • The 'Custodian Chase': Spending an inordinate amount of time tracking down, reminding, and escalating employees who ignore legal hold notices. It can feel like you're the IT helpdesk, but with higher stakes.
  • Vague Invoices & OCG Violations: You'll sometimes be fighting with outside counsel's billing department over block-billed entries, non-compliant travel expenses, or invoices that arrive weeks late. It's tedious, but essential.
  • The Friday Afternoon Fire Drill: The near-certainty that any emergency motion, TRO, or massive, unexpected document request will land at 4:45 PM on a Friday. Your plans for the weekend? Probably cancelled.
  • IT Bottlenecks: Having a defensible legal process completely undermined by an under-resourced IT department that takes weeks to collect data from a custodian's laptop. You'll feel stuck.
  • The Administrative Treadmill: The feeling that 80% of your job is high-stakes administrative work (tracking, reporting, nagging) rather than substantive legal analysis. It's important, but not always glamorous.
What this role does not give you
  • Direct legal advice to clients or internal stakeholders.
  • Significant strategic decision-making or case strategy input.
  • Frequent court appearances or direct litigation experience (beyond administrative filings).
  • A fast track to a qualified solicitor role without further formal legal training.

6Who you work with

Your work ensures that the administrative side of our legal disputes is handled with precision and speed. If you do your job well, our legal team can respond quickly to court orders, manage external counsel effectively, and keep our legal spend in check. Essentially, you're helping us avoid costly mistakes and keep our legal defence solid.

Inside the business
  • The wider Disputes team (Solicitors, Paralegals)
  • Legal Operations (for process adherence and tooling)
  • Finance (for invoice processing and budget queries)
  • IT Support (when you need help collecting data for legal holds or system access)
Outside the business
  • Outside Counsel (you'll help process their invoices and communications)
  • eDiscovery Vendors (you might assist with basic data uploads or queries)
  • Court staff (for routine filings or document deliveries, under supervision)

7What you need before you start

Not a wish list. The things you would be expected to already have.

  • A strong work ethic and a genuine desire to learn about legal operations and disputes.
  • Excellent organisational skills and a meticulous approach to tasks, even the small ones.
  • The ability to follow complex verbal and written instructions accurately and consistently.
  • Basic computer literacy and comfort with learning new software systems quickly.
  • A foundational understanding of what a legal department does, perhaps from a prior administrative role or relevant studies.

8What to practise next

Where the job is going, and what to do about it starting this week.

Basic Prompt Engineering for Legal Tasks

Generative AI is already here, and knowing how to 'talk' to it effectively will be a huge productivity booster. You'll be able to get better drafts and summaries faster.

Clear Instructions · Context Provision · Iterative Prompting

  • This week: Experiment with ChatGPT or Claude to draft simple emails or summarise short articles. Don't worry about perfection, just get a feel for it.
  • This month: Try to use AI to draft a legal hold reminder notice, then compare it to our template and see where it needs tweaking.
  • Next quarter: Share one successful AI-assisted task with your supervisor – show them how it saved you time.

Quick win: Use AI to summarise long internal emails or meeting notes. It's a low-risk way to get comfortable with the technology.

Enhanced Legal Tech Familiarity

Our legal tech stack will continue to evolve. Being comfortable with new features and understanding how different systems connect will make your work more seamless.

System Integration Concepts · New Feature Adoption · User Feedback

  • This month: Keep an eye on release notes or internal announcements for updates to our legal software.
  • Next quarter: Attend any internal training sessions on new legal tech features, even if they don't directly impact your daily tasks yet.
  • Month 6: Identify one feature in a legal tech tool that you think the team isn't fully using and suggest how it could help.

Quick win: Spend 15 minutes each week exploring the 'help' section or online tutorials for one of our core legal tech tools. You might discover something useful!

9Staying current once you are in

What people here do to keep up
  • Internal training programmes on our specific legal tech platforms (e.g., Legal Tracker, iManage, RelativityOne). We'll make sure you get these.
  • Online courses or webinars on legal administration best practices, eDiscovery fundamentals, or data protection compliance.
  • Shadowing more senior members of the Disputes team to understand their workflows and the broader legal context of your tasks.
  • Attending industry webinars or virtual conferences to stay updated on legal tech trends and challenges in disputes (we'll cover the cost for relevant ones).

10How the AI economy is changing work like this

Before we ask anything of you, here's what we can already say about AI and work of this kind:

The new skill this role is being asked for: Digital Literacy & Automation Mindset

More and more legal tasks are being automated, and understanding how technology can streamline routine work will be crucial. We're moving away from purely manual processes.

We'll only ever tell you what we can actually back up. No hype, no scare tactics.

Your PlanIllustration

Built for Disputes Clerk

3 units that map to this job, from the qualifications that cover it.

  1. Administer Legal FilesNCFE · covers 2 of 8 standardsLevel 3
  2. Manage legal case filesInnovate Awarding · covers 1 of 8 standardsLevel 3
  3. Prepare information relevant to dispute resolution within a surveying environmentPearson Education Ltd · covers 1 of 8 standardsLevel 3
These are the real units behind this job, in the order they rank for it. Nothing here is marked done, because this plan has not been started by anyone yet. Yours would fill in as you go.

The rising capability

Zavmo analysis

What's rising in its place

This is where the work is heading, and the higher pay with it. Get fluent here and the shift stops being a threat and starts being your edge.

Digital Literacy & Automation Mindset

More and more legal tasks are being automated, and understanding how technology can streamline routine work will be crucial. We're moving away from purely manual processes.

  • Process Mapping
  • Low-Code/No-Code Tools
  • Data Input Optimisation

Data Literacy (Legal Context)

Legal disputes are increasingly data-driven. Understanding what data we have, where it lives, and how to talk about it will become more important for everyone, even administrative roles.

  • Data Types
  • Data Sources
  • Data Volume & Cost

What you’ll use

Skills this role draws on

Technical

  • Litigation Lifecycle Management (Basic)
  • Legal Hold & Data Preservation (Process Steps)
  • Privilege & Work Product Doctrine (Identification)
  • Outside Counsel & Vendor Management (Invoice Review)

The pathway

How you actually get there, here

How you become one varies far more by country than what one does. This is the UK route. Most people take one of these ways in; the right one depends on where you're starting from.

  1. 1

    Legal Apprentice

    2-3 years

    Skills to master

    • Foundational legal administrative skills, understanding of legal terminology, adherence to compliance procedures, basic legal research.

    You're ready to move on when

    • Consistent high performance in administrative tasks.
    • Proactive in asking questions and seeking to understand legal processes.
    • Demonstrated reliability and attention to detail in all work.
  2. 2

    Administrative Assistant (Legal)

    1-2 years

    Skills to master

    • Office organisation, communication with legal professionals, document management, scheduling, basic invoice processing.

    You're ready to move on when

    • Strong organisational and time management skills.
    • Comfortable handling confidential information.
    • Positive feedback from legal team members on support provided.
  3. 3

    University Graduate (Law/Related Field)

    0-1 year (post-graduation)

    Skills to master

    • Translating academic knowledge into practical application, learning specific legal tech systems, adapting to corporate legal department processes, developing professional communication.

    You're ready to move on when

    • Academic achievement in law or a related discipline.
    • Demonstrated enthusiasm for a career in legal operations/administration.
    • Quick learner with strong analytical skills.

11Where this role leads

The long view:Your journey starts here, and frankly, the possibilities are pretty broad. We're committed to helping you build a solid foundation and explore the paths that genuinely excite you within the legal sector.

Pay & demand

Pay and demand for this role will appear here, each figure traced to a named authoritative source (e.g. the ONS Annual Survey of Hours and Earnings, under the Open Government Licence). We don’t show numbers we can’t attribute.

The ten Future Fluencies

Zavmo analysis

The credential is what you can do today. These are what keep you valuable.

A qualification proves you can do the job as it's defined today. These ten are what decide whether you're still the obvious person for it in five years. They're the capabilities employers are now writing into senior roles faster than people are learning them. Zavmo weaves them through whatever you study, so you come out with both: the credential and the fluency.

The highlighted ones are the Fluencies your role leans on hardest, from how Disputes Clerk is actually changing. In about two minutes, the free confidence check asks where you stand on each of the ten. That's the whole check, and it's what makes the plan yours rather than generic.

Where it leads

Roles this leads to

12The team that's yours

No two people are taught the same way. This is one-to-one, not one-to-many.

Zavmo is a hyper-personalised AI learning platform. Twelve virtual tutors, each with a different way of teaching, and one orchestration agent that picks the right one for the moment. So every single lesson is shaped around you, your role, and the way you learn. Not a course everyone sits through. A conversation built for you, and no one else.

…and nine more, matched to you after your first chat. Meet all twelve

Start free and meet yours

13What it feels like

A conversation, not a course

Because your tutor knows your role, your projects and your last session, learning sounds like this. And it's different for every single person:

Administer Legal FilesLevel 3

Applied to your work in Disputes Clerk

This unit aims to provide learners with the knowledge of legislative and organisational procedures for administering legal files, enabling them to open, maintain, administer, close, and archive files correctly.

How the thinking builds
  1. Remember
  2. Understand
  3. Apply
  4. Analyse
  5. Evaluate
  6. Create
An illustration of a Zavmo lesson, built from this role’s own route. The unit, its objective and every criterion above are the awarding body’s own words, not an example.

One to one, not one to many

No two people run this the same way

A course is written once and handed to everyone. This is assembled around you, and keeps changing as it learns you. Five things it reads, and what each one changes.

  1. Your actual work Every lesson is taught against a live piece of your own work, not a worked example from a textbook.
  2. What you already know The first conversation finds your starting point, so you skip what you can already do and spend the time on what you cannot.
  3. The conditions you learn under Not a learning-styles quiz. The evidence does not support those. The dimensions the research does back, read once and used to shape the plan.
  4. How far you got last time It picks up mid-thought. The tutor knows what you said, what you struggled with, and what it asked you to try.
  5. Which tutor suits the moment Twelve of them, each for a different kind of thinking. The one who walks you through a first idea is not the one who stress-tests it.

See how you learn, free. Eight questions, no sign-up. A directional taster; the diagnostic inside Zavmo goes deeper and keeps adapting.

DemonstrateIllustration

Evidenced on your work in Disputes Clerk

You do not finish by watching something. You finish by showing it on the work you already do, against the measures this job is judged on.

  • Legal Hold Issuance TimeHow quickly legal hold notices are drafted and sent out to custodians once a new matter is identified.If a new dispute is flagged at 10:00 AM on Monday, the legal hold notice should be issued by 10:00 AM on Tuesday. Missing this could mean critical data is lost.Less than 24 hours from instruction
  • Invoice Processing AccuracyThe percentage of outside counsel invoices processed without errors or requiring corrections due to OCG (Outside Counsel Guidelines) violations.Out of 100 invoices processed in a month, you should only have two or fewer that need to be sent back to outside counsel for correction due to your error or a missed OCG violation.Greater than 98% accuracy
  • Conflict Check Completion RateThe percentage of conflict checks completed within our internal service level agreement (SLA).If a request for a conflict check comes in at 9:00 AM, it needs to be actioned and completed by 1:00 PM the same day. Delays here can hold up new matters.100% completed within 4 business hours
  • Document Filing & Tracking AccuracyThe percentage of documents correctly filed, named, and logged in our document management system and internal trackers.An audit of 500 documents you've filed should find no more than five errors in naming, location, or associated metadata. Getting this wrong means we can't find critical evidence when we need it most.Greater than 99% accuracy
These are this job's own measures, with its own targets. Nothing is marked evidenced, because nobody has started this yet. Yours would fill in from the work you bring.

Your passport

This isn't a certificate you file away. It's a passport to the life you're designing.

Every credit you earn and every fluency you build adds up: evidence where it counts, carried with you. Zavmo keeps the map: where you are, where you're heading, and the next step, at your pace, around your life. From Disputes Clerk to Disputes Coordinator (Level 2), and whatever you decide comes after.

Level 2 · in progressAI Fluency→ Disputes Coordinator (Level 2)→ your design
Where this takes you

Your journey starts here, and frankly, the possibilities are pretty broad. We're committed to helping you build a solid foundation and explore the paths that genuinely excite you within the legal sector.

See Your Progress GrowIllustration
Disputes Clerk
  • Litigation Lifecycle Management (Basic)
  • Legal Hold & Data Preservation (Process Steps)
  • Privilege & Work Product Doctrine (Identification)
  • Outside Counsel & Vendor Management (Invoice Review)
This is your Mind Palace on learn.zavmo.ai. Every skill above comes from this role's own record, not an example borrowed from another job. A node lights up when you evidence it, and what you build stays yours between jobs. That is the part a course cannot do.

14The detail, folded away

Everything else the record holds

The career branches in full, how AI is already showing up in the day-to-day, and the questions people ask about this job. Here when you want them, out of the way while you decide.

Where it leads next, rung by rung

Where it leads

The career path, and where it branches

Disputes Clerk is a start, not a ceiling. Each step below asks for new skills and hands back more autonomy.

  1. Disputes Coordinator (Level 2)

    2-3 years

    You'll move from executing specific tasks to owning end-to-end administrative processes for smaller, less complex matters with minimal supervision.

    • Managing basic subpoena responses end-to-end.
    • Taking ownership of small claims matters from an administrative perspective.
    • More in-depth use of eDiscovery platforms for routine tasks.
Working with AI on the job

Working with AI

Where AI is starting to help

Let's be real, the legal world is full of repetitive tasks. But here's the thing: AI isn't just for sci-fi movies anymore. It's already here, and it's changing how we work, even at the entry level. We're not talking about robots taking over, but smart tools that can help you get through the boring stuff faster, so you can focus on learning and more interesting challenges.

As a Disputes Clerk, you'll find yourself doing a lot of tracking, reviewing, and drafting. Imagine having a super-fast assistant for those tasks. That's what AI can be for you. It won't replace your judgment or legal knowledge, but it'll certainly make your day-to-day work smoother and free up your time. We want you to use these tools, not just hear about them.

Invoice Review Automation

Use AI-powered tools to automatically scan outside counsel invoices. These tools can flag common errors or entries that violate our Outside Counsel Guidelines (OCGs) – things like block billing or incorrect rates. It means less manual checking for you and quicker identification of issues.

Draft Communication Generation

Need to send a routine legal hold reminder or a request for a status update from outside counsel? Generative AI assistants can create the first draft of these communications in minutes. You'll then review, refine, and send it, saving you significant time on initial drafting.

AI-Powered Legal Research (Basic)

For simple queries, AI tools can quickly pull specific cases or summarise statutes, or even answer plain-language questions to give you a quick overview of a legal concept. It's a great way to get a head start on understanding a topic without sifting through endless pages.

Document Organisation & Tagging

Imagine AI helping you sort through incoming documents, suggesting appropriate file names, or even pre-tagging documents based on content. This means less manual data entry and a more efficient, accurate document management system for everyone.

Common questions

Common questions

How do you become a Disputes Clerk?

Common routes in include Legal Apprentice (2-3 years), Administrative Assistant (Legal) (1-2 years) and University Graduate (Law/Related Field) (0-1 year (post-graduation)). Times vary with prior experience.

Where can a Disputes Clerk progress to?

This role can lead on to Disputes Coordinator (Level 2) (2-3 years), depending on the skills you build.

What level is a Disputes Clerk in the UK?

This role aligns to RQF Level 2 on the UK framework, a guide to the depth of qualification it maps to, not a hard entry bar.

What new skills matter most for a Disputes Clerk?

Increasingly, Digital Literacy & Automation Mindset and Data Literacy (Legal Context). These are the areas where the higher-paid, future-proof work is heading.

The honest bit

You’ve started things before

Most of them were built for a room full of people who aren’t you. A cohort moves on whether or not your week allowed it, and by the third week the thing you’re behind on becomes the reason you stop opening it.

There’s no cohort here, and no timetable to fall behind. Before anything starts, Zavmo asks when you’re sharpest and how long you can realistically sit down for, then builds the sessions around those answers. A bad fortnight changes your pace. It doesn’t put you behind.

And you only pay once you start learning. Searching and planning are free, and you can cancel any time — so the cost of finding out is an afternoon, not a year.

What it costs

Less than one coaching session. Every month.

A single career-coaching hour costs more than a month of this, and it ends when the hour does. Zavmo doesn't. It's £70 a month, about £2.30 a day, for a companion that knows a Disputes Clerk, works on the job you actually do, and keeps going at your pace rather than a timetable's.

  • Searching and planning stay free. You only pay when you start learning.
  • Your credits are yours. Regulated, and they don't vanish when a subscription ends.
  • Cancel any time and billing stops. No notice period, no minimum term.

Your path, personalised

You have the map. Walking it is the part we do together.

This route runs to 8 national skill standards. That is a real journey.

Zavmo shapes a learning experience as unique as you are. It fits how you learn, your pace and the work you already do. Every step stays benchmarked to recognised national standards. That’s the plan for becoming a Disputes Clerk: personal to you, and it still counts. The first steps are free.

Independent research finds well-designed intelligent tutoring performs nearly as well as one-to-one human tutoring: VanLehn (2011), Educational Psychologist.

A private tutor in the UK averages £35–40 an hour . Zavmo is £70/month.

A real plan on learn.zavmo.ai: Ofqual-regulated units, credits, and a three-month run at your own pace.
Start free No commitment. See your first steps free.

15Where to go from here

Other roles at Level 2

Same depth of qualification, different job. Useful if the work appeals but this particular role does not.

Other roles in Legal

Stay in the field you know and move sideways rather than up.

If you leave this industry

The skills you'll gain here—meticulous organisation, process adherence, legal tech familiarity, and understanding of compliance—are highly transferable. You could move into legal operations roles in other industries (e.g., finance, tech, healthcare) or even into compliance or risk management functions outside of a pure legal department.

Not sure this is the right direction?

Work out what you actually want from work first, then come back and see which roles fit it. Takes about ten minutes.

This role profile is © 2026Growth Engineering Technologies Ltd. Built from UK occupational standards and regulated qualification data, and written for Zavmo.

You're not behind. You're right on time. The shift is only just beginning. Your role won't look the same in two years. Be the one who leads the change, not the one it happens to. Build my plan, free Here's the first ten minutes: a 2-minute confidence check → your personalised roadmap → meet the tutors matched to you. No card, cancel any time. No card. Build your plan, see your roadmap and meet the twelve tutors matched to you. All free. When you're ready to start learning, it's £70 a month, billed monthly. Cancel any time and billing stops.