United Kingdom · Operations · Lead (8-12 years)

Lead Smart Factory Architect

Here is the whole job, in plain words. What it is, what you decide, how you're judged, how people get here and where they go next. Then the part no course gives you: twelve AI tutors who learn your work.

Free to start: a plan built for this role, and a Future Fluency module to try first. No card.

Keep this job description

Where should we send it?

One email: what AI is changing in this job, and where to start free. With a link back here. Nothing else follows unless you confirm your address.

Upskilling a team in this role? Talk to us

  • Experience bandLead (8-12 years)
  • Direct reports3-8 reports
  • Reports toManager, Industry 4.0 Programs
  • UK framework levelUsually a manager, or the deepest specialist in a team

Also advertised as Lead Industry 4.0 Specialist · Senior OT/IT Integration Architect · Digital Operations Lead · Principal Manufacturing Technology Engineer

Built on 43,079 real UK job descriptions we analysed · grounded in qualifications employers recognise

1From this job to a course

The qualifications matched to this job

Pearson BTEC Level 5 Higher National Diploma in Cloud Computing Pearson Education Ltd · Level 5 · covers 3 of 7 standards
Pearson BTEC Level 5 Higher National Diploma in Computing for England Pearson Education Ltd · Level 5 · covers 3 of 7 standards
Pearson BTEC Level 5 Higher National Diploma in Digital Technologies Pearson Education Ltd · Level 5 · covers 3 of 7 standards
Pearson BTEC Level 5 Higher National Diploma in Automotive Engineering Pearson Education Ltd · Level 5 · covers 3 of 7 standards
Pearson BTEC Level 4 Higher National Certificate in Automotive Engineering Pearson Education Ltd · Level 4 · covers 3 of 7 standards
ATHE Level 7 Extended Diploma in Computing Technologies (Networking) ATHE Ltd · Level 7 · covers 3 of 7 standards

Matched from the standards this job is measured against: a suggestion, not an official ruling.

The units you would start with

Internet of Things Pearson BTEC Level 5 Higher National Diploma in Cloud Computing
Industrial Digitalisation Technologies for Engineers Pearson BTEC Level 5 Higher National Diploma in Automotive Engineering
Internet of Things (IoT) ATHE Level 7 Extended Diploma in Computing Technologies (Networking)

The future skills this job leans on

AI Fluency working with AI as a thinking partner
Data Fluency turning numbers into a decision
Automation Fluency building AI into how work runs
Sustainability Fluency building care for people and planet into the work
Systems Fluency seeing the whole picture
Your Plan Illustration

Built for Lead Smart Factory Architect

3 units that map to this job, from the qualifications that cover it.

  1. Internet of Things Pearson Education Ltd · covers 3 of 7 standards Level 5
  2. Industrial Digitalisation Technologies for Engineers Pearson Education Ltd · covers 3 of 7 standards Level 5
  3. Internet of Things (IoT) ATHE Ltd · covers 3 of 7 standards Level 7
These are the real units behind this job, in the order they rank for it. Nothing here is marked done, because this plan has not been started by anyone yet. Yours would fill in as you go.

2AI and this work

Will AI change your work as a Lead Smart Factory Architect?

Nobody can say exactly how. Here is what this job is being asked for next, and where to start.

The new skills this role is being asked for

  • Prompt Engineering & LLM Integration for Operations
  • Cyber-Physical System Security Architecture
Why each one is rising

The future skills this job leans on

We'll only ever tell you what we can actually back up. No hype, no scare tactics.

What happens when you start

Next, a free account. We build your Lead Smart Factory Architect plan as you set up, starting with a Future Fluency module on using AI in your job. No card.

Your first Future Fluency module is free. After that, your AI tutor is £70 a month.

3What this role really is

This job means designing the blueprints for smart factories. It involves working out how sensors, AI and digital twins fit together to make operations more efficient. The role includes leading a small team through technical challenges, and acting as the expert when problems come up on the factory floor.

4What you'd actually use

The tools this job runs on, and how well you'd need to know each one.

ERP/MES (e.g., SAP S/4HANA, Oracle NetSuite) Advanced

Configuring master data, designing custom reports, leading MES-to-PLC integration projects, and troubleshooting data flow issues within the core operational systems.

IIoT Platform (e.g., PTC ThingWorx, Siemens MindSphere, Azure IoT Hub) Expert

Developing custom applications ('mashups'), connecting new assets/sensors, defining data ingestion protocols, and architecting edge computing logic for real-time operational insights.

Data Visualization (e.g., Power BI, Tableau, Grafana) Advanced

Using Power Query/Tableau Prep for complex data shaping, implementing row-level security, and connecting to streaming data sources from the IIoT platform to create actionable dashboards.

Process Mining (e.g., Celonis, UiPath Process Mining) Expert

Connecting new data sources, building custom process analyses, and using the tool to quantify the impact of process inefficiencies and identify automation opportunities.

Digital Twin/Simulation (e.g., Ansys Twin Builder, Siemens Tecnomatix) Advanced

Building and calibrating new digital twin models from scratch, integrating real-time data to create a live, dynamic twin of a process or asset for optimisation and 'what-if' scenarios.

Cloud Platform (e.g., Azure, AWS) Intermediate

Provisioning resources using Infrastructure as Code (e.g., Terraform), configuring data pipelines using services like Azure Data Factory or AWS Glue, and managing cloud-based OT data storage.

5What you get to decide, and how that grows

Power in a job isn't your title. It's what you're allowed to decide. Here's how it grows as you move up.

The choiceComing in Where you are nowThe step above
Technical Architecture & Design Follows pre-defined architectural patterns; escalates deviations. Selects appropriate architectural patterns for routine problems; proposes minor adaptations. Designs complex architectural solutions for non-routine problems; consults on strategic implications.
Budget Allocation (Project Specific) No authority; requests approval for all purchases. Manages small project budgets up to £5K; escalates larger requests. Approves project expenditures up to £25K; recommends larger budget allocations.
Team Management & Hiring No direct reports; focuses on individual contributions. Provides informal guidance to new joiners; no formal reports. Mentors 0-2 junior team members; provides input on performance reviews.
Vendor Selection & Management No involvement; uses pre-approved vendors. Evaluates specific vendor tools based on pre-defined criteria. Recommends preferred vendors for specific project components; manages vendor relationships for small projects.

6How you'll be judged

The scoreboard, and what is not on it. The hard targets, how often each is actually looked at, and the quiet signals that never reach a dashboard.

Solution Deployment Success Rate
Percentage of designed Industry 4.0 solutions that are successfully deployed and operational within agreed timelines and budget.
Target · 90% of architectural designs deployed on time and within ±10% budget.

You designed a new predictive maintenance system for Line 3. It went live two weeks late due to a vendor issue, but it's now fully operational and within budget. That's a success.

System Adoption & Utilisation
The actual usage rate of the systems you've designed and implemented by operations teams.
Target · Achieve 85% active user adoption for new dashboards or IIoT applications within 3 months of rollout.

The new OEE dashboard you architected for the plant floor is being accessed by 90% of supervisors daily, and they're actually using it to make decisions about shift changes.

OEE Improvement from I4.0 Initiatives
The measurable increase in Overall Equipment Effectiveness (OEE) for specific assets or lines where your solutions have been deployed.
Target · Average 3-5% OEE improvement on assets covered by new I4.0 solutions within 6 months.

After implementing your digital twin and simulation models for the packaging line, OEE improved from 78% to 82% due to optimised changeover times.

Data Quality & Integrity for OT/IT Integration
The accuracy, completeness, and consistency of data flowing between operational technology and information technology systems, based on your architectural designs.
Target · Maintain >98% data accuracy and <0.5% data loss for critical OT-to-IT data streams.

Sensor data from the PLC to the IIoT platform consistently matches manual readings, and there are no gaps in the historical data logs for critical production parameters.

Solution Robustness & Scalability
Your designs aren't just functional; they're built to last, handle increased load, and be easily replicated across multiple sites.
  • Solutions rarely fail in production
  • they can be scaled to new lines or factories with minimal rework
  • peer architects consistently praise the elegance and foresight of your designs
  • you proactively identify and mitigate future scaling issues.
Technical Leadership & Mentorship
You're the go-to person for complex technical challenges, and you actively develop the skills of your team and peers.
  • Team members regularly seek your advice for tricky technical problems
  • you lead technical deep-dive sessions
  • you contribute significantly to our internal knowledge base
  • your team shows measurable improvement in their technical capabilities.
Cross-functional Buy-in & Collaboration
You successfully get different teams—from IT to plant floor operators—to agree on and support your technical solutions.
  • You're invited to early-stage planning meetings by other departments
  • project kick-offs are smooth with clear alignment
  • feedback from IT and Operations teams consistently highlights your collaborative approach and ability to bridge technical gaps.

7Would you like it

Both sides. What people enjoy, and what grinds them down.

What people enjoy
Solving Complex Technical Puzzles

You thrive on figuring out how to get a 25-year-old PLC to talk to a modern cloud platform, or designing a digital twin that accurately predicts equipment behaviour. The harder the integration challenge, the more engaged you feel.

Spending an afternoon deep-diving into vendor API documentation to find a workaround for a tricky data integration problem, and then successfully implementing it.

Seeing Tangible Operational Impact

It's not enough to build something cool; you need to see it actually make a difference on the factory floor. You're motivated by measurable improvements in OEE, reductions in downtime, or a safer working environment.

Walking through the plant and seeing operators actively using a dashboard you designed, knowing it's helping them make better decisions in real-time.

Building & Leading a Technical Team

You enjoy guiding junior architects and specialists, helping them grow their skills, and seeing them succeed in implementing your designs. You get satisfaction from building capability within the team.

Mentoring a junior team member through their first complex IIoT integration, offering guidance on architecture decisions and troubleshooting tricky issues.

What frustrates people
  • The 'We've Always Done It This Way' Wall: Cultural resistance to new tech.
  • Legacy System Hell: Integrating modern solutions with ancient infrastructure.
  • The ROI Squeeze: Proving short-term financial returns for long-term strategic investments.
  • Fighting for Scraps: Budget competition against immediate operational needs.
  • The Cybersecurity Tightrope: Balancing data access with OT network security.
  • Garbage In, Garbage Out: Endless data cleansing due to unreliable inputs.
  • Death by a Thousand Pilots: Projects stuck in pilot phase, never scaling.
What this role does not give you
  • A purely theoretical or academic role—you're expected to build and deliver.
  • A static, predictable environment with minimal change or new challenges.
  • A role where you can avoid direct interaction with factory floor personnel.
  • Unlimited budget or resources for every innovative idea you have.
  • Complete autonomy without needing to justify decisions or prove value.

8Who you work with

This role directly shapes the technical foundation of our operational transformation. Your designs will dictate how data flows, how machines communicate, and how our operational processes are digitised. Get it right, and we unlock significant cost savings, improve product quality, and boost our competitive edge. Get it wrong, and we risk costly rework, security vulnerabilities, and a failure to realise the promise of Industry 4.0.

Inside the business
  • VP of Operations
  • Head of Manufacturing Engineering
  • IT Infrastructure Leads
  • Plant Managers
  • Health & Safety Teams
  • Finance Business Partners
Outside the business
  • Strategic Technology Vendors (e.g., Siemens, PTC, SAP)
  • Industrial Automation Suppliers
  • Cybersecurity Consultants
  • System Integrators

9What you need before you start

Not a wish list. The things you would be expected to already have.

  • Proven experience (at least 5 years) in designing and implementing complex technical solutions within a manufacturing or industrial operations environment, or equivalent.
  • Demonstrable expertise in at least two major Industry 4.0 technology domains (e.g., IIoT platforms, Digital Twins, Predictive Analytics).
  • Experience leading small technical teams or significant workstreams, providing guidance and mentorship.
  • A strong track record of successfully integrating OT and IT systems, understanding the challenges and best practices involved.
  • Excellent problem-solving skills, particularly for complex, multi-system technical issues.
  • The ability to communicate complex technical concepts clearly and persuasively to diverse audiences.

10What to practise next

Where the job is going, and what to do about it starting this week.

Advanced Digital Twin Orchestration

Moving beyond single-asset twins to federated twins, where multiple digital twins (e.g., machine, line, factory, supply chain) interact and share data to optimise an entire ecosystem. This requires sophisticated integration and data governance.

Federated Digital Twins · Semantic Interoperability · Real-time Data Fabric Integration · Autonomous Optimisation through Twins

  • This week: Research leading examples of federated digital twin deployments in other industries.
  • This month: Identify a complex operational problem that could benefit from the interaction of two or more existing digital twins (even if they're basic).
  • Month 2: Develop a conceptual architecture for how these twins could exchange data and insights.
  • Month 3: Present your conceptual architecture to a peer group for feedback and refinement.

Quick win: Start by mapping the data dependencies between two existing operational systems. This is the first step towards understanding how to federate their digital representations.

Edge AI & Machine Learning Operations (MLOps)

Deploying AI models directly on factory floor devices (edge computing) is critical for low-latency decisions and reducing cloud data transfer costs. This requires expertise in optimising models for constrained environments and managing their lifecycle at scale.

Model Quantisation & Pruning · Containerisation for Edge Deployment · Distributed MLOps · Federated Learning in Operations

  • This week: Explore frameworks like TensorFlow Lite or OpenVINO for optimising AI models for edge devices.
  • This month: Take an online course on MLOps best practices, focusing on deployment and monitoring.
  • Month 2: Work with a data scientist to deploy a simple ML model (e.g., anomaly detection) to an actual edge device in a test environment.
  • Month 3: Document the challenges and successes of this edge deployment, focusing on model performance and management.

Quick win: Identify a simple, non-critical AI model currently running in the cloud that could potentially be moved to an edge device. Research the feasibility.

11Staying current once you are in

What people here do to keep up
  • Actively participate in industry forums and conferences focused on Industry 4.0, IIoT, and operational excellence (e.g., Hannover Messe, IoT Solutions World Congress).
  • Contribute to open-source projects or internal knowledge sharing platforms related to industrial automation or data engineering.
  • Pursue advanced certifications in emerging technologies like AI/ML for industrial applications or advanced cloud architecture.
  • Mentor junior engineers or specialists, sharing your knowledge and helping them grow their technical capabilities.
  • Engage with academic research or pilot programmes exploring cutting-edge Industry 4.0 concepts and their practical application.

12The rising capability

The rising capability

Zavmo analysis

What's rising in its place

This is where the work is heading, and the higher pay with it. Get fluent here and the shift stops being a threat and starts being your edge.

Prompt Engineering & LLM Integration for Operations

Competitors are already using Large Language Models (LLMs) to draft reports in 10 minutes that used to take 2 hours, or to summarise complex sensor data anomalies. Architects who figure out how to effectively use and integrate these tools will outproduce their peers significantly. This isn't just about ChatGPT; it's about embedding AI into your daily workflows.

  • Context Windows & Token Limits
  • Temperature Settings for Task Specificity
  • RAG (Retrieval Augmented Generation) Architectures
  • Output Validation & Hallucination Detection
  • Prompt Chaining for Complex Analysis

Cyber-Physical System Security Architecture

As OT and IT converge, the attack surface for our operational systems explodes. A breach in a factory isn't just data loss; it can mean production shutdowns, physical damage, or even safety incidents. Architects need to move beyond basic network segmentation to designing truly resilient and secure cyber-physical systems.

  • Zero Trust for OT Environments
  • Anomaly Detection in ICS/SCADA Networks
  • Secure Remote Access for Industrial Assets
  • Incident Response Planning for OT
  • Supply Chain Cybersecurity for Industrial Components

13What you’ll use

What you’ll use

Skills this role draws on

Technical

  • Lean Six Sigma (DMAIC/DMADV) with Digital Integration
  • Predictive Maintenance (PdM) Strategy & Architecture
  • Digital Twin Modeling & Simulation
  • OT/IT Convergence & Cybersecurity Architecture
  • Agile for Operations Project Management
  • Supply Chain Resilience (SCM 4.0) Design

14The pathway

The pathway

How you actually get there, here

How you become one varies far more by country than what one does. This is the UK route. Most people take one of these ways in; the right one depends on where you're starting from.

  1. 1

    From Senior Digital Operations Specialist (L3)

    2-4 years as an L3

    Skills to master

    • Leading end-to-end pilot projects, making sound technical decisions within project scope, mentoring junior team members, and building strong relationships with cross-functional leads.

    You're ready to move on when

    • Consistently delivering complex pilot projects on time and budget, with clear business value.
    • Being the recognised technical expert for a specific Industry 4.0 domain within your team.
    • Successfully mentoring 1-2 junior specialists, helping them overcome technical hurdles.
    • Proactively identifying architectural improvements or integration challenges before they become problems.
  2. 2

    From Manufacturing/Automation Engineer (external)

    8-10 years experience in a highly technical engineering role with I4.0 exposure

    Skills to master

    • Deep understanding of operational processes, hands-on experience with industrial control systems, and a proven track record of implementing automation or digital solutions. You'd need to quickly ramp up on cloud platforms and data architecture.

    You're ready to move on when

    • A portfolio of successfully delivered automation or digital transformation projects in a factory setting.
    • Demonstrable experience integrating different operational technologies (e.g., PLCs, SCADA, MES).
    • Strong problem-solving skills for complex production issues.
    • A clear understanding of how data flows from the shop floor to enterprise systems.
  3. 3

    From IT/Cloud Architect (with Operations focus)

    8-10 years experience in IT architecture, with a recent focus on industrial clients or OT integration

    Skills to master

    • Understanding the unique constraints and security requirements of operational technology, familiarity with manufacturing processes, and the ability to translate IT best practices into an OT context.

    You're ready to move on when

    • Experience designing and deploying solutions on major cloud platforms (Azure, AWS) for industrial use cases.
    • Knowledge of industrial communication protocols (e.g., OPC UA, Modbus TCP).
    • A track record of collaborating effectively with operations teams to understand their needs.
    • Demonstrable understanding of OT cybersecurity principles.

15Where this role leads

The long view: This role can lead to director-level positions overseeing smart operations across a whole business, or into head of digital manufacturing roles shaping wider digital strategy.

The ten Future Fluencies

Zavmo analysis

The credential is what you can do today. These are what keep you valuable.

A qualification proves you can do the job as it's defined today. These ten are what decide whether you're still the obvious person for it in five years. They're the capabilities employers are now writing into senior roles faster than people are learning them. Zavmo weaves them through whatever you study, so you come out with both: the credential and the fluency.

The highlighted ones are the Fluencies your role leans on hardest, from how Lead Smart Factory Architect is actually changing.

How you would learn this

One to one, on the work you already do

A tutor sets the task against your own job and marks the reasoning, at your pace. There is no cohort to fall behind.

A lesson from Internet of Things, worked against Lead Smart Factory Architect.

Internet of Things Level 5

Applied to your work in Lead Smart Factory Architect

This unit aims to provide learners with the skills to analyse, plan, develop, and evaluate Internet of Things (IoT) applications. Learners will explore the necessary aspects of IoT design, create application plans using appropriate architecture and tools, and develop and evaluate IoT applications within the broader IoT ecosystem, considering security and data privacy.

How the thinking builds
  1. 1 Remember
  2. 2 Understand
  3. 3 Apply
  4. 4 Analyse
  5. 5 Evaluate
  6. 6 Create
An illustration of a Zavmo lesson, built from this role’s own route. The unit, its objective and every criterion above are the awarding body’s own words, not an example.

It is £70 a month, billed monthly. Your free first module is Future Fluency, and you can cancel any time.

See Your Progress Grow Illustration
Lead Smart Factory Architect
  • Lean Six Sigma (DMAIC/DMADV) with Digital Integration
  • Predictive Maintenance (PdM) Strategy & Architecture
  • Digital Twin Modeling & Simulation
  • OT/IT Convergence & Cybersecurity Architecture
  • Agile for Operations Project Management
  • Supply Chain Resilience (SCM 4.0) Design
This is your Mind Palace on learn.zavmo.ai. Every skill above comes from this role's own record, not an example borrowed from another job. A node lights up when you evidence it, and what you build stays yours between jobs. That is the part a course cannot do.

16The detail, folded away

Everything else the record holds

The career branches in full, how AI is already showing up in the day-to-day, and the questions people ask about this job. Here when you want them, out of the way while you decide.

Where it leads next, rung by rung

Where it leads

The career path, and where it branches

Lead Smart Factory Architect is a start, not a ceiling. Each step below asks for new skills and hands back more autonomy.

  1. Manager, Industry 4.0 Programs (L5)

    3-5 years as Lead Smart Factory Architect

    This is a direct management path. You'll move from architecting specific solutions to directing a portfolio of multiple Industry 4.0 projects and managing a larger team, including other architects and specialists. Your focus shifts from 'how to build it' to 'what should we build and why'.

    • Vendor Strategy & Contract Negotiation Leading negotiations with major technology vendors and system integrators for enterprise-level platforms and services.
    • Change Management at Scale Driving large-scale organisational change initiatives related to I4.0 adoption across multiple business units or regions.
    • Risk Management (Program Level) Identifying and mitigating risks across an entire portfolio of I4.0 projects, considering technical, financial, and organisational factors.
Working with AI on the job

Working with AI

Where AI is starting to help

Let's be real, you're already swamped. The promise of Industry 4.0 is huge, but the sheer volume of data, integration challenges, and strategic planning can feel overwhelming. What if you could offload some of the heavy lifting to AI?

Our AI Productivity Hub isn't about replacing your expertise; it's about augmenting it. Think of it as having a highly intelligent assistant for everything from root cause analysis to drafting complex business cases. It's about giving you back time to focus on the truly strategic, human-centric parts of your role – like leading your team and influencing key stakeholders.

Automated Root Cause Analysis

Imagine a fault occurs on a production line. Instead of spending hours manually sifting through thousands of sensor variables (pressure, temperature, vibration), our AI/ML algorithms analyse it all in real-time. The AI instantly suggests the top 3 most likely root causes, saving your engineers precious time and getting the line back up faster. It's like having a super-fast, tireless detective on your team.

Predictive Maintenance Modelling

Moving beyond reactive maintenance is key, but building predictive models can be a huge time sink. Use AutoML platforms (like Azure ML or DataRobot) directly from our Hub to rapidly build, test, and deploy machine learning models that predict equipment failure. This accelerates your shift from preventative to truly predictive maintenance without needing a dedicated data science team for every single asset.

Accelerated Vendor Evaluation

Evaluating new IIoT platforms or digital twin software is a massive undertaking. Use a GenAI assistant within the Hub to ingest technical documentation, security protocols, and case studies from multiple vendors. Then, ask it to generate a comparative analysis table based on your specific requirements – 'Compare these vendors on brownfield compatibility, edge computing capabilities, and ISA-95 compliance.' It's like having a research assistant who reads at lightning speed.

Business Case & Comms Generation

Drafting business cases and communicating complex technical projects to different audiences can be a huge drain on your time. Use GenAI to draft the initial business case for a new capital investment. Prompt it with key data points (cost, expected OEE lift, labour savings) and ask it to create tailored versions: a financial summary for the CFO, a technical overview for Engineering, and a high-level strategic slide for the CEO. This frees you up to refine, not just write.

Common questions

Common questions

How do you become a Lead Smart Factory Architect?

Common routes in include From Senior Digital Operations Specialist (2-4 years as an L3), From Manufacturing/Automation Engineer (external) (8-10 years experience in a highly technical engineering role with I4.0 exposure) and From IT/Cloud Architect (with Operations focus) (8-10 years experience in IT architecture, with a recent focus on industrial clients or OT integration). Times vary with prior experience.

Where can a Lead Smart Factory Architect progress to?

This role can lead on to Manager, Industry 4.0 Programs (3-5 years as Lead Smart Factory Architect), depending on the skills you build.

What new skills matter most for a Lead Smart Factory Architect?

Increasingly, Prompt Engineering & LLM Integration for Operations and Cyber-Physical System Security Architecture. These are the skills our record of this role lists as growing.

Free tools

Want a read on where you stand?

Three free tools, no account needed. Each one ends with a role, a level and a way in.

17Where to go from here

Other roles at Level 5

Same depth of qualification, different job. Useful if the work appeals but this particular role does not.

More jobs in operations

Stay in the field you know and move sideways rather than up.

If you leave this industry

The skills built in this role transfer well. They can lead to consulting work in industrial digital transformation. They can also lead to roles with technology vendors building Industry 4.0 solutions. Similar work exists in energy, logistics or infrastructure, where the same OT and IT integration challenges come up.

This role profile is © 2026 Growth Engineering Technologies Ltd. Built from UK occupational standards and regulated qualification data, and written for Zavmo.

You're not behind. You're right on time. The shift is only just beginning. Your role won't look the same in two years. Be the one who leads the change, not the one it happens to. Start my Lead Smart Factory Architect plan, free What happens next: a free account, then we build your plan as you set up. No card. Build your plan, see your roadmap and meet the twelve tutors matched to you. All free. When you're ready to start learning, it's £70 a month, billed monthly. Cancel any time and billing stops.