United Kingdom · Public Relations Communications · Entry Level (0-2 years)

PR Coordinator

Here is the whole job, in plain words. What it is, a real day, what you decide, how you're judged, how people get here and where they go next. Then the part no course gives you: twelve AI tutors who learn your work.

  • Experience bandEntry Level (0-2 years)
  • Direct reportsNo direct reports
  • Reports toPR Specialist
  • UK framework levelUsually someone starting out, or keeping a process running

Also advertised as Junior PR Assistant · Communications Assistant · Media Relations Coordinator

Built on an analysis of 43,079 real UK job descriptions · grounded in qualifications employers recognise

Start with a free Future Fluency check, tuned to PR Coordinator

Ten quick questions, one per Future Fluency, asked against this role rather than a generic one. About five minutes, and no card.

Start the check, free

1What this role really is

This is where you'll get your hands dirty, learning the nuts and bolts of public relations. You'll be the backbone for the team, making sure all the foundational work is spot on. Think of it as an apprenticeship where you're constantly soaking up knowledge and putting it into practice. You're not just fetching coffees; you're building the media lists that senior colleagues use for major campaigns and making sure we know every time our brand gets mentioned. It's a busy role, but you'll learn heaps.

2What you'd actually use

The tools this job runs on, and how well you'd need to know each one.

Cision / Muck RackIntermediate

Building and updating targeted media lists, pulling daily coverage reports, scheduling basic press release distributions.

Business Wire / PR NewswireIntermediate

Formatting and uploading press releases for distribution, understanding different distribution circuits.

Talkwalker / MeltwaterBasic

Monitoring social media for brand mentions, identifying and flagging high-priority mentions (positive or negative) for escalation.

Asana / Monday.comIntermediate

Managing personal tasks, updating project statuses for campaign launches and content creation, following established project templates.

Navigating the platform to find referral traffic from specific media outlets, pulling basic metrics like page views for earned media coverage.

Slack / MS TeamsIntermediate

Daily internal communication, file sharing, channel management, setting up calls.

3What you get to decide, and how that grows

Power in a job isn't your title. It's what you're allowed to decide. Here's how it grows as you move up.

The choiceComing inWhere you are nowThe step above
Media List UpdatesExecute updates based on specific instructions from PR Specialist. Any new additions or deletions must be approved.Independently research and update lists for routine campaigns. Seek approval for major strategic changes or new journalist targets.Define criteria for media list segmentation and target journalist profiles. Approve all major list changes and new database subscriptions.
Drafting External Communications (e.g., pitches, social posts)Draft initial versions using templates; all content requires full review and approval from PR Specialist.Draft and finalise content for routine announcements with minimal revisions. Seek approval for sensitive or high-profile communications.Approve final drafts for most external communications. Provide strategic direction and messaging for all content.
Crisis Monitoring & EscalationMonitor for pre-defined keywords and immediately flag any negative mentions to PR Specialist. Follow established escalation protocol precisely.Monitor and assess the severity of incoming mentions. Propose initial holding statements for review. Escalate to Senior PR Specialist as needed.Lead crisis monitoring and response. Authorise holding statements and initial media responses. Determine when to escalate to Director level.
Tool/Vendor SelectionNo independent decisions. Use tools as instructed by the team.Research and propose new features or minor tool upgrades to improve efficiency. No budget authority.Evaluate new media monitoring or distribution platforms. Recommend new vendors and manage relationships within a £5K budget.

4How you'll be judged

The scoreboard, honestly: the hard targets, how often each one is actually looked at, and the quiet human signals that never make it onto a dashboard.

Media List Accuracy
How accurate and up-to-date your media lists are for specific campaigns.
Target · 98%+ accuracy (no incorrect names, outlets, or contact details)

You build a list of 50 tech journalists for a new product launch. If 49 contacts are correct and one email bounces, that's 98% accuracy. We're aiming for near perfection here.

Daily Coverage Report Delivery
Getting the 'clippings report' (all our media mentions) to the team on time each morning.
Target · Delivered by 9 AM GMT, 5 days a week, with <1% error rate (no missed key coverage)

You send the report at 8:55 AM, and it includes all relevant articles from the past 24 hours. If you miss a major piece of coverage, that's an error.

Press Release Formatting & Upload
How quickly and accurately you can format and upload press releases to our distribution services.
Target · 99% accuracy on formatting, uploaded within 30 minutes of final approval

A press release is approved at 10:00 AM. You've uploaded it, checked all the boxes, and it's ready for distribution by 10:25 AM, with no typos or broken links.

Pitch Response Rate (Support)
While you won't own pitching entirely, you'll help personalise and send. This measures how many journalists respond to pitches you've helped prepare and send.
Target · Aim for a 5-10% positive response rate on pitches you've supported (e.g., 'Thanks, I'll look into it' or 'Not for me, but thanks')

You help craft and send 100 personalised pitches. If 7 journalists reply (even if it's a 'no'), that's a 7% response rate. It shows your personalisation efforts are working.

Proactive Learning & Initiative
How quickly you pick up new processes and tools, and if you're asking smart questions.
  • You're taking notes in meetings, asking 'why' something is done a certain way, suggesting minor improvements to routine tasks, and completing online training modules without being prompted. Your manager sees you trying to solve problems before asking for help.
Team Support & Collaboration
How well you fit into the team and support your colleagues, especially when things get busy.
  • You're offering to help colleagues when your own tasks are done, you're responsive to internal requests, and you're seen as a helpful, positive presence. Feedback from other team members confirms you're a good person to work with.
Adherence to Brand & Messaging Guidelines
Making sure all your written work (even internal notes) aligns with our company's tone and key messages.
  • Your drafted social media posts, internal summaries, and basic pitches consistently use the correct company boilerplate and approved messaging. You're not making up new taglines or using outdated language.
Crisis Preparedness Support
Your ability to follow established protocols during a fast-moving situation, even if it's just monitoring.
  • During a minor issue, you accurately identify and flag relevant social media mentions or news articles to the team immediately. You follow the 'war room' protocol without needing constant reminders and stay calm when things get a bit hectic.

5Would you like it

The honest version. What people enjoy, and what grinds them down.

What people enjoy
Learning & Development

You're constantly asking questions, taking notes, and seeking feedback to improve your skills. You'll jump at the chance to sit in on a media training session or watch a senior colleague pitch a story.

After helping with a press release distribution, you'll ask your manager to walk you through why certain circuits were chosen, or how they track the success of the release.

Contributing to a Visible Outcome

You get a real buzz from seeing your work (like a media list you built) lead to actual news coverage. You're motivated by knowing your efforts directly support the team's wins.

You'll feel a sense of accomplishment when you see a major publication cover a story that you helped prepare the materials for, even if your name isn't on the byline.

Structured & Organised Work

You enjoy the process of organising information, creating accurate reports, and following established procedures. You find satisfaction in bringing order to potentially chaotic information.

You'll meticulously update the media database, ensuring every entry is correct, or you'll take pride in delivering a perfectly formatted daily clippings report.

What frustrates people
  • The Black Hole of Pitching: You'll spend ages crafting a perfect, personalised pitch, only for it to be ignored by 95% of journalists. It's disheartening, and you'll constantly wonder if they even saw it.
  • The Unsexy Grind: A good chunk of this job isn't schmoozing; it's meticulously building and cleaning Excel media lists, chasing approvals, and formatting reports. It's essential but not glamorous.
  • Proving Your Worth: You might feel like you're constantly trying to show the value of your detailed, foundational work, especially when others are focused on the big, flashy wins.
  • The 'Urgent' Executive Whim: Sometimes a senior leader will have a 'brilliant idea' that derails your carefully planned week, demanding immediate action on something that might not even pan out.
What this role does not give you
  • Full autonomy on strategic decisions – you'll be executing, not setting the overall PR strategy.
  • Immediate, high-profile media relationships – you'll build these over time, but it's not instant.
  • A role where every single piece of your work makes it to production or gets published – much of it is supportive and behind-the-scenes.
  • A quiet, predictable routine – while some tasks are routine, the media landscape and internal demands can shift quickly.

6Who you work with

This role directly supports the efficiency and accuracy of our global PR campaigns. Your diligence means the team can focus on strategy and relationships, not fixing basic errors. If you're on the ball, we get our news out faster and to the right people. If you're not, we risk looking unprofessional, missing key coverage, and wasting valuable team time.

Inside the business
  • PR Specialist (your direct manager)
  • Senior PR Specialist
  • Marketing Team (for campaign support)
  • Social Media Team (for content alignment)
Outside the business
  • Media Monitoring Vendors (e.g., Cision, Muck Rack)
  • Press Release Distribution Services (e.g., Business Wire)

7What you need before you start

Not a wish list. The things you would be expected to already have.

  • Excellent written and verbal communication skills in English (British English spelling and grammar are a must).
  • Proven ability to manage multiple tasks, prioritise effectively, and meet deadlines, perhaps from a previous internship or administrative role.
  • Strong attention to detail and a commitment to accuracy – we really can't stress this enough.
  • Proficiency with standard office software (Microsoft Office Suite, especially Excel and PowerPoint, or Google Workspace).
  • A genuine interest in current affairs, news, and how media shapes public opinion.

8What to practise next

Where the job is going, and what to do about it starting this week.

Advanced Media Monitoring Query Building

Important within 12 months. Right now, you're monitoring. Soon, you'll need to build more sophisticated search queries in tools like Talkwalker or Cision to catch nuanced mentions, track specific campaigns, or analyse competitor share of voice.

Boolean Logic · Keyword Variations · Sentiment Refinement · Competitor Tracking

  • This week: Ask your PR Specialist to show you how they build some of their more complex monitoring queries.
  • This month: Try to build a query for a hypothetical new product or a specific competitor and compare your results to existing ones.
  • Month 2: Suggest a refinement to an existing query that you think might improve its accuracy or reduce noise.
  • Month 3: Take an online course or tutorial specifically on advanced Boolean search for media monitoring.

Quick win: Review one of our current monitoring queries and identify 2-3 irrelevant mentions it's picking up. Suggest how to refine the query to exclude them.

9Staying current once you are in

What people here do to keep up
  • Read industry publications (e.g., PRWeek, Campaign, The Drum) to stay on top of trends and best practices.
  • Attend industry webinars or virtual events to network and learn from experts.
  • Seek out feedback from your PR Specialist and other team members, and actively work on areas for improvement.
  • Take online courses on writing, media relations, or specific PR tools (e.g., LinkedIn Learning, Coursera).

10How the AI economy is changing work like this

Before we ask anything of you, here's what we can already say about AI and work of this kind:

The new skill this role is being asked for: Prompt Engineering & AI-Assisted Drafting

Critical within 6 months—this is already happening, not future. Competitors are using AI to draft pitches and social posts in minutes, not hours. Analysts who figure this out will outproduce peers 3:1, freeing up time for more strategic work.

We'll only ever tell you what we can actually back up. No hype, no scare tactics.

Your PlanIllustration

Built for PR Coordinator

3 units that map to this job, from the qualifications that cover it.

  1. Contribute to the production and distribution of publicity material for a live eventAIM Qualifications · covers 5 of 12 standardsLevel 2
  2. Public Relations and Media RelationsPearson Education Ltd · covers 3 of 12 standardsLevel 3
  3. News Media PracticeOpen College Network West Midlands · covers 2 of 12 standardsLevel 2
These are the real units behind this job, in the order they rank for it. Nothing here is marked done, because this plan has not been started by anyone yet. Yours would fill in as you go.

The rising capability

Zavmo analysis

What's rising in its place

This is where the work is heading, and the higher pay with it. Get fluent here and the shift stops being a threat and starts being your edge.

Prompt Engineering & AI-Assisted Drafting

Critical within 6 months—this is already happening, not future. Competitors are using AI to draft pitches and social posts in minutes, not hours. Analysts who figure this out will outproduce peers 3:1, freeing up time for more strategic work.

  • Effective Prompting
  • Context & Tone
  • Fact-Checking & Validation
  • Iterative Refinement

Basic Data Visualisation & Reporting

Important within 12 months. Simply listing media mentions isn't enough anymore. We need to show the 'so what' of our coverage. Being able to turn raw data into a simple, compelling chart will make your reports far more impactful.

  • Chart Selection
  • Clarity & Simplicity
  • Key Takeaways
  • Tool Proficiency

What you’ll use

Skills this role draws on

Technical

  • Media Relations Fundamentals
  • PESO Model Awareness
  • Messaging & Positioning Support
  • Crisis & Reputation Monitoring

The pathway

How you actually get there, here

How you become one varies far more by country than what one does. This is the UK route. Most people take one of these ways in; the right one depends on where you're starting from.

  1. 1

    University Graduate / Internship Programme

    0-1 year post-graduation or 6-12 month internship

    Skills to master

    • Mastering basic office etiquette, efficient task execution, clear communication, and foundational PR tool usage (e.g., Cision for media lists).

    You're ready to move on when

    • Consistently delivering accurate work on time.
    • Proactively asking for more responsibility and learning opportunities.
    • Receiving positive feedback on teamwork and attitude.
  2. 2

    Administrative / Marketing Assistant

    1-2 years in a support role

    Skills to master

    • Exceptional organisational skills, attention to detail, managing multiple priorities, and basic content creation (e.g., social media posts).

    You're ready to move on when

    • Demonstrable ability to manage complex schedules or projects.
    • Experience with drafting professional communications.
    • A clear interest in transitioning specifically into PR.
  3. 3

    Journalism / Media Studies Background

    0-2 years post-graduation (may include student media experience)

    Skills to master

    • Understanding news values, strong writing and research skills, and an appreciation for journalist deadlines and needs.

    You're ready to move on when

    • A portfolio of written articles or media projects.
    • Ability to quickly grasp company messaging and translate it into newsworthy angles.
    • A willingness to learn the 'other side' of media relations (the pitching side).

11Where this role leads

The long view:Your journey starts here, learning the fundamentals. With dedication and a willingness to keep learning, the communications world offers a huge range of exciting career paths. We're here to support you every step of the way.

Pay & demand

Pay and demand for this role will appear here, each figure traced to a named authoritative source (e.g. the ONS Annual Survey of Hours and Earnings, under the Open Government Licence). We don’t show numbers we can’t attribute.

The ten Future Fluencies

Zavmo analysis

The credential is what you can do today. These are what keep you valuable.

A qualification proves you can do the job as it's defined today. These ten are what decide whether you're still the obvious person for it in five years. They're the capabilities employers are now writing into senior roles faster than people are learning them. Zavmo weaves them through whatever you study, so you come out with both: the credential and the fluency.

The highlighted ones are the Fluencies your role leans on hardest, from how PR Coordinator is actually changing. In about two minutes, the free confidence check asks where you stand on each of the ten. That's the whole check, and it's what makes the plan yours rather than generic.

12The team that's yours

No two people are taught the same way. This is one-to-one, not one-to-many.

Zavmo is a hyper-personalised AI learning platform. Twelve virtual tutors, each with a different way of teaching, and one orchestration agent that picks the right one for the moment. So every single lesson is shaped around you, your role, and the way you learn. Not a course everyone sits through. A conversation built for you, and no one else.

…and nine more, matched to you after your first chat. Meet all twelve

13What it feels like

A conversation, not a course

Because your tutor knows your role, your projects and your last session, learning sounds like this. And it's different for every single person:

Contribute to the production and distribution of publicity material for a live eventLevel 2

Applied to your work in PR Coordinator

By completing this unit, learners will be able to collate information, assist with the production and distribution of publicity materials, and contribute to the marketing and promotion of a live event.

How the thinking builds
  1. Remember
  2. Understand
  3. Apply
  4. Analyse
  5. Evaluate
  6. Create
An illustration of a Zavmo lesson, built from this role’s own route. The unit, its objective and every criterion above are the awarding body’s own words, not an example.

One to one, not one to many

No two people run this the same way

A course is written once and handed to everyone. This is assembled around you, and keeps changing as it learns you. Five things it reads, and what each one changes.

  1. Your actual work Every lesson is taught against a live piece of your own work, not a worked example from a textbook.
  2. What you already know The first conversation finds your starting point, so you skip what you can already do and spend the time on what you cannot.
  3. The conditions you learn under Not a learning-styles quiz. The evidence does not support those. The dimensions the research does back, read once and used to shape the plan.
  4. How far you got last time It picks up mid-thought. The tutor knows what you said, what you struggled with, and what it asked you to try.
  5. Which tutor suits the moment Twelve of them, each for a different kind of thinking. The one who walks you through a first idea is not the one who stress-tests it.

See how you learn, free. Eight questions, no sign-up. A directional taster; the diagnostic inside Zavmo goes deeper and keeps adapting.

DemonstrateIllustration

Evidenced on your work in PR Coordinator

You do not finish by watching something. You finish by showing it on the work you already do, against the measures this job is judged on.

  • Media List AccuracyHow accurate and up-to-date your media lists are for specific campaigns.You build a list of 50 tech journalists for a new product launch. If 49 contacts are correct and one email bounces, that's 98% accuracy. We're aiming for near perfection here.98%+ accuracy (no incorrect names, outlets, or contact details)
  • Daily Coverage Report DeliveryGetting the 'clippings report' (all our media mentions) to the team on time each morning.You send the report at 8:55 AM, and it includes all relevant articles from the past 24 hours. If you miss a major piece of coverage, that's an error.Delivered by 9 AM GMT, 5 days a week, with <1% error rate (no missed key coverage)
  • Press Release Formatting & UploadHow quickly and accurately you can format and upload press releases to our distribution services.A press release is approved at 10:00 AM. You've uploaded it, checked all the boxes, and it's ready for distribution by 10:25 AM, with no typos or broken links.99% accuracy on formatting, uploaded within 30 minutes of final approval
  • Pitch Response Rate (Support)While you won't own pitching entirely, you'll help personalise and send. This measures how many journalists respond to pitches you've helped prepare and send.You help craft and send 100 personalised pitches. If 7 journalists reply (even if it's a 'no'), that's a 7% response rate. It shows your personalisation efforts are working.Aim for a 5-10% positive response rate on pitches you've supported (e.g., 'Thanks, I'll look into it' or 'Not for me, but thanks')
These are this job's own measures, with its own targets. Nothing is marked evidenced, because nobody has started this yet. Yours would fill in from the work you bring.

Your passport

This isn't a certificate you file away. It's a passport to the life you're designing.

Every credit you earn and every fluency you build adds up: evidence where it counts, carried with you. Zavmo keeps the map: where you are, where you're heading, and the next step, at your pace, around your life. From PR Coordinator to PR Specialist (Level 2), and whatever you decide comes after.

Level 2 · in progressAI Fluency→ PR Specialist (Level 2)→ your design
Where this takes you

Your journey starts here, learning the fundamentals. With dedication and a willingness to keep learning, the communications world offers a huge range of exciting career paths. We're here to support you every step of the way.

See Your Progress GrowIllustration
PR Coordinator
  • Media Relations Fundamentals
  • PESO Model Awareness
  • Messaging & Positioning Support
  • Crisis & Reputation Monitoring
This is your Mind Palace on learn.zavmo.ai. Every skill above comes from this role's own record, not an example borrowed from another job. A node lights up when you evidence it, and what you build stays yours between jobs. That is the part a course cannot do.

14The detail, folded away

Everything else the record holds

The career branches in full, how AI is already showing up in the day-to-day, and the questions people ask about this job. Here when you want them, out of the way while you decide.

Where it leads next, rung by rung

Where it leads

The career path, and where it branches

PR Coordinator is a start, not a ceiling. Each step below asks for new skills and hands back more autonomy.

  1. PR Specialist (Level 2)

    18-36 months in the PR Coordinator role

    You'll move from supporting tasks to owning specific deliverables and managing smaller campaigns independently. You'll start pitching journalists directly and drafting full press releases with less oversight.

    • Direct media pitching and relationship building.
    • Full press release drafting and approval process management.
    • Basic campaign planning and execution.
Working with AI on the job

Working with AI

Where AI is starting to help

Let's be real, a lot of entry-level PR work can be a bit of a grind. But here's the good news: AI isn't here to replace you; it's here to free you up from the boring, repetitive tasks so you can focus on learning the fun, strategic stuff. Imagine cutting down hours of manual work every week.

We're building an AI Productivity Hub specifically for our Public Relations team. You'll get access to tools and training that help you automate the fiddly bits of your job. This means less time on spreadsheets and more time actually understanding the media landscape, building relationships (eventually!), and seeing how your work makes a difference. It's about working smarter, not just harder.

Draft Dynamo

Use generative AI (like ChatGPT or Jasper) to get instant first drafts of social media posts, basic pitches, and even internal summaries. You'll still need to edit, fact-check, and add your human touch, but it'll cut down the blank page staring significantly.

Insight Identifier

Our AI-powered media monitoring tools (Cision, Talkwalker) can automatically flag sentiment, spot emerging trends, and even benchmark our coverage against competitors. This means you spend less time manually sifting through articles and more time understanding what the data actually means.

Pitch Personaliser

AI tools can quickly research a journalist's recent articles, social media activity, and beat. It'll give you a quick summary and suggest 2-3 personalised angles for your pitch, making your outreach much more relevant and increasing your chances of a response.

Briefing Bot (for internal prep)

Feed AI a press release and recent coverage, and it can help generate a comprehensive internal briefing document for your PR Specialist. It can even suggest likely tough questions from journalists, helping the team prepare for interviews more efficiently.

Common questions

Common questions

How do you become a PR Coordinator?

Common routes in include University Graduate / Internship Programme (0-1 year post-graduation or 6-12 month internship), Administrative / Marketing Assistant (1-2 years in a support role) and Journalism / Media Studies Background (0-2 years post-graduation (may include student media experience)). Times vary with prior experience.

Where can a PR Coordinator progress to?

This role can lead on to PR Specialist (Level 2) (18-36 months in the PR Coordinator role), depending on the skills you build.

What level is a PR Coordinator in the UK?

This role aligns to RQF Level 2 on the UK framework, a guide to the depth of qualification it maps to, not a hard entry bar.

What new skills matter most for a PR Coordinator?

Increasingly, Prompt Engineering & AI-Assisted Drafting and Basic Data Visualisation & Reporting. These are the areas where the higher-paid, future-proof work is heading.

The honest bit

You’ve started things before

Most of them were built for a room full of people who aren’t you. A cohort moves on whether or not your week allowed it, and by the third week the thing you’re behind on becomes the reason you stop opening it.

There’s no cohort here, and no timetable to fall behind. Before anything starts, Zavmo asks when you’re sharpest and how long you can realistically sit down for, then builds the sessions around those answers. A bad fortnight changes your pace. It doesn’t put you behind.

And you only pay once you start learning. Searching and planning are free, and you can cancel any time — so the cost of finding out is an afternoon, not a year.

What it costs

Less than one coaching session. Every month.

A single career-coaching hour costs more than a month of this, and it ends when the hour does. Zavmo doesn't. It's £70 a month, about £2.30 a day, for a companion that knows a PR Coordinator, works on the job you actually do, and keeps going at your pace rather than a timetable's.

  • Searching and planning stay free. You only pay when you start learning.
  • Your credits are yours. Regulated, and they don't vanish when a subscription ends.
  • Cancel any time and billing stops. No notice period, no minimum term.

Your path, personalised

You have the map. Walking it is the part we do together.

This route runs to 12 national skill standards. That is a real journey.

Zavmo shapes a learning experience as unique as you are. It fits how you learn, your pace and the work you already do. Every step stays benchmarked to recognised national standards. That’s the plan for becoming a PR Coordinator: personal to you, and it still counts. The first steps are free.

Independent research finds well-designed intelligent tutoring performs nearly as well as one-to-one human tutoring: VanLehn (2011), Educational Psychologist.

A private tutor in the UK averages £35–40 an hour . Zavmo is £70/month.

A real plan on learn.zavmo.ai: Ofqual-regulated units, credits, and a three-month run at your own pace.
Start free No commitment. See your first steps free.

15Where to go from here

Other roles at Level 2

Same depth of qualification, different job. Useful if the work appeals but this particular role does not.

Other roles in Public Relations Communications

Stay in the field you know and move sideways rather than up.

If you leave this industry

The skills you'll gain in this role are highly transferable. You could move into PR roles in other industries (e.g., consumer tech, finance, healthcare), switch to a PR agency, or even transition into broader marketing, content, or internal communications functions.

Not sure this is the right direction?

Work out what you actually want from work first, then come back and see which roles fit it. Takes about ten minutes.

This role profile is © 2026Growth Engineering Technologies Ltd. Built from UK occupational standards and regulated qualification data, and written for Zavmo.

You're not behind. You're right on time. The shift is only just beginning. Your role won't look the same in two years. Be the one who leads the change, not the one it happens to. Build my plan, free Here's the first ten minutes: a 2-minute confidence check → your personalised roadmap → meet the tutors matched to you. No card, cancel any time. No card. Build your plan, see your roadmap and meet the twelve tutors matched to you. All free. When you're ready to start learning, it's £70 a month, billed monthly. Cancel any time and billing stops.